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Populations and Ecosystem (Plants in Relationship to their Habitats…
Populations and Ecosystem
Structure of Population
Geographic Distribution - various forms of animals and plants in the different regions and localities of the earth
Local Geographic Distribution - Small-scale local distribution of individuals with respect to each other
Allelochemics - Chemicals given off by a species to inhibit the germination or growth of another
Allelopathy - inhibition of germination or growth of one species by chemicals given off by another species
Uniform Distribution - evenly spaced from their neighbors
Clumped Distribution - spaced between plants either large or small but rarely average
Random Distribution - no obvious, identifiable pattern
Boundaries of the Geographic Range - boundary beyond which a species does not occur, the limit or limits of the range of a species
Limiting Factor - water, light, and various nutrients
Age Distribution:
Generation Time - average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population
Biotic Potential - the number of offspring produced by an individual which live long enough to reproduce
Demography - The study of the age distribution of the individuals of a population
Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase - the number of births minus the number of deaths per generation time. (r)
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Carrying Capacity - the number of individuals of a population that can live in a particular ecosystem.(K)
r and K selection
Refers to the importance of adapting to biotic potential or to the carrying capacity.
r-Selection - method of rearing offspring with an emphasis on high growth rate and population increase
r-Selected Species- Those that emphasize high growth rates
produce many offspring
relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood
exploit less-crowded ecological niches
K-Selection- favor individuals that successfully compete for resources and produce few young
slowly developing young
results in a stable population of long-lived individuals
K-Selected Species - characterized by having relatively small quantity of offspring
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being relatively larger than r-selected species
long gestation periods lasting several months
Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure - combination of the external appearance of vegetation, vertical structure, distribution in relation to surroundings
Lifeforms - ways plants are adapted morphologically for surviving stressful seasons
Species Composition - number and diversity of species that coexist within an ecosystem, considers 3 things:
soil nutrition
species tolerance ranges
climate
Temporal Structure - changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
Trophic Levels - hierarchical level
Decomposers - an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material
Energy Flow - the amount of energy that moves through a food chain
Secondary Consumers - organisms that eat primary consumers for energy
Carbon Flow - flow of carbon as it moves through an ecosystem using the carbon cycle
Carbon Cycle - circulation of carbon in various forms through nature
Primary Consumers - an organism that feeds on primary producers
Primary Producers - An autotroph organism that produces complex organic matter, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Tertiary consumers - carnivores
Plants in Relationship to their Habitats
Populations: all the individuals of a species that live in a particular area
Ecosystems: set of physical nonliving environmental factors of a region and the communities of organisms
Communities: are all the populations of that region
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Habitats
Habitat- set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Operational Habitat -Aspects of the habitat that definitely affect a plant
Abiotic- things that are not and never have been alive
Biotic - Refers to living things
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate - the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Tolerance Range - range of environmental conditions in which an organism can live and reproduce
Soil Layers
B Horizon- the zone of deposition, which receives leached materials from the A horizon above it
C Horizon-The deepest soil layer, composed of parental rocks and rock fragments
A Horizon-The uppermost soil layer, the zone of leaching
Pioneers-The first plants to inhabit an area that previously had no life
Soil Factors: combination of all five factors normally determines the kind of soil developing in any given place
climate
parent material
time
topography and relief
organisms
Latitude - the angular distance north or south from a planet's equator
Photoperiod-In reference to cycles of light and darkness, the length of time that uninterrupted light is present.
Altitude - is the height measured from sea level up to any given point
Disturbance-a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem
fires
floods
snow avalanches
landslide
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself-Any individual organism that is a member of the clade, evolved from green algae, alternation of heteromorphic generations
Other Plant Species- Any plant species that is not the plant species being observed
Mutualism - interaction between two species in which both species benefit
Competition-An interaction of two species is disadvantageous to one or both species involved
Common Garden - common environment between two or more plants
Niche-The set of conditions exploited best by one species
Transplant Experience-test the effect of environment by moving two species from their native environments into a common environment
Competitive Exclusion-the inevitable elimination from a habitat of one of two different species with identical needs for resources
Organisms Other than Plants
Herbivory - process of an animal eating plants.
Pathogenic - ability of a pathogen to cause disease.
Grazing-Eating herbs
Browsing - eating twigs, and leaves of shrubs
Herbivores-Animals that eat plants
Predation - relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed, rare in botany
Commensal Relationships - between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it
Frugivores - animal that feeds off of fruit
