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Policy and Governance (week 4 (political parties (families (socialist,…

- - - - representation
      - aggregation + articulation
      - socialization and mobilization
      - org of gov
    - - one party
      - one dominant party
      - two-party
      - multiparty
      - P = C + 1
    - - decline support big parties
      - increase support new parties
        
        number of effective parties
      - evolving understanding families + crisis legitimacy
        
        distance, inability to deliver, professional politicians
    - - socialist
      - christian democrat
      - agrarian
      - liberal
      - conservative
      - regional / ethnic
      - green
      - nationalist
    - - caucus parties
      - mass parties
      - catch-all parties
      - fourth phase
        
        media parties
        
        cartel parties
        
        electoral-professional
    - - iron law of oligarchy
        
        leaders best informed
        
        leaders provide guidance
        
        electoral-professional phase
      - Duverger's law
        
        proportional = multiparty, smsp = two-party
        
        weakening tendency as partisan de-alignment
      - Lijphart
        
        majoritarian systems
        
        majoritarian + disproportional electoral system
        
        two parties
        
        single-party gov
        
        pluralist pressure group systems
        
        consensus system
        
        proportional
        
        coalitions
        
        multi-party
        
        corporate pressure group system
        
        consequences
        
        women
        
        satisfaction
        
        turnout
        
        distance gov-citizens
        
        effective number of parties
  - - - plurality (first-pass-the-post)
        
        single member districts
      - second ballot majority-runoff
      - alternative vote
    - - single transferable vote
        
        quota
      - party lists system
    - - additional member system
    - - parallel systems (mixed system sans compensation)
      - single non-transferable vote
  - - - importance elections (democratic deficit)
      - democracy
      - electoral system
      - closeness
      - left-wing
      - frequency
      - social homogeinity
      - Human Development
      - compulsory voting
    - - standard model
      - characteristics
      - party identification
      - values (post-materialis)
      - voting culture
      - protest voting
  - - - depending on
        
        other cleavages
        
        clarity of poor performance
        
        home team effect
        
        status
    - - class de-alignment
      - partisan de-alignment
      - volatility
      - partisan re-alignment
  - - - societal factors --> voting
      - cleavage model: political interests mobilise differences
    - - party identification
      - funnel of causality
    - - median voter
      - free riding
      - issue voting
  - - - minimum winning coalition
      - minority government
      - oversized coalition
      - grand coalition
    - - Riker's minimal winning coalition (office-seeking)
      - Axelrod's closest set of parties ideologically (policy-seeking)
      - Sartori
        
        moderate vs polarised pluralism
- - - - evaluative
        
        subjective / internal efficacy
        
        system / external efficacy
        
        political support
      - affective
      - cognitive
    - - parochial
      - subject
      - participant
      - civic (Putman: need social capital)
      - counter-naratives
        
        civic culture as bourgeois hegemony
    - - material
      - ideal
        
        post-materialism
        
        cultural instead of class cleavages
        
        increase religious conflict
        
        cognitive mobilisation
        
        increase political participation
        
        new forms participation
        
        new political issues
      - influenced by political identity
    - - abstract, complex, informed, broad
      - ideologues
      - more or fewer authoritarian attitudes?
    - - requirements
        
        objective social differences
        
        subjective awareness
        
        political org
      - topics
        
        religion
        
        ethnicity
        
        spatial separation --> centre-periphery
      - types
        
        cross-cutting
        
        reinforcing
  - - - conventional vs unconventional
      - individual forms of participation
    - - political culture
      - socio-economic status (standard model)
        
        civic voluntarism model
        
        resources
        
        affective
        
        surroundings' participation
      - class
      - rational choice (free riding)
      - reasons apathy
        
        marginalisation, conflict avoidance, alienation, loss of political salience, apathy
    - - gladiators
      - spectators
      - apathetics
        
        doorstep response
        
        response to political events + low information rationality
    - - marxist
        
        hegemony
        
        false consciousness
      - rational-choice
        
        free-riding
        
        pocketbook (self-interested) vs sociotropic (greater good) voting
  - - - episodic
      - fire brigade
      - political
        
        aligned groups
    - - communal
      - institutional
      - associational
    - - interest aggregation
      - interest articulation
    - - directly lobbying
      - indirect campaigning, litigation
    - - yes
        
        disperse power
        
        political education
        
        boost participation
      - no
        
        entrench political inequality
        
        non-legitimate power
        
        subvert representative democracy
        
        revolving door
    - - no bureaucracy, comglomeration of associations
      - interests broader than groups, narrower than parties
      - new social movements
        
        anti-status quo
        
        broad interests + membership
        
        network of networks
        
        unconventional methods
    - - group
        
        insider or outsider groups
      - government
        
        direct routes: executives, legislatures, departments, other levels
        
        indirect routes: parties, public campaigns, media, courts
      - power determinants
        
        group features: income, size, organisation, recruitment, divisions, sanction imposition possibility, leadership, issue
        
        environmental factors: insider/outsider, public opinion, legitimacy, alignment, veto-group
    - - corporatism
        
        peak associations
        
        official representative function
        
        formal gov bodies
        
        decisions binding on all parties
      - para-government
      - tripartism / pluralism
      - iron triangle
    - - pluralism
        
        veto-groups
        
        different levels + types of power, dependent on issue
        
        compromise
      - marxism/elitism
        
        iron law of oligarchy
        
        upper class joiners
        
        cumulative inequality
        
        systematic oppression
        
        military-industrial complex
      - social capital and civil society
        
        voluntary associations conducive to democracy
        
        independence of state important for associations
  - - - public service model
        
        market regulation by public bodies
        
        content regulation
        
        selfregulation or QUANGOs
        
        public funding
        
        public interest
        
        national broadcasting incl minorities
      - market model
        
        regulation
        
        market competition
        
        cross-media ownership
        
        multimedia conglomerates
        
        content regulation
    - - concentration of ownership
      - multimedia conglomeration
      - horizontal + vertical integration
      - integration with other business activities
      - internationalisation
    - - soft power
    - - mediamalaise
        
        negative
        
        agenda setting
        
        priming + framing
      - reinforcement theory
      - weak force & virtuous cycle
        
        cognitive bias & heuristics
        
        hostile media effect
- - - - functions
        
        legislation
        
        representation
        
        scrutiny (of executive)
        
        political recruitment
        
        legitimacy
      - assemblies and parliament
        
        chambers
        
        unicameral
        
        bicameral
        
        upper / Senate
        
        lower
        
        perfect/strong (Italy) or uneven/weak
        
        appointment
        
        elected
        
        appointed
        
        elected indirectly
    - - functions
        
        implementation
        
        coordination (connecting issues)
        
        popular political leadership
        
        crisis response
        
        (decision-making)
      - who
        
        cabinet (pm + minister)
        
        prime minister
        
        appoints + fires minister
        
        power of dissolution
        
        president (head of gov)
    - - judicial review (Constitution)
      - judicial activism
        
        increased by
        
        volume of legislation + gov actions
        
        complexity of gov --> conflict
        
        rule of law + rights of citizen
        
        culture of litigation
        
        unwillingsness to deal with hot potatoes
      - ombudsmen
    - - parliamentary
        
        head of state + PM (head of gov)
        
        India, Mongolia, Japan
        
        collective responsibility
      - presidential (dualism)
        
        US, Brazil, Afghanistan
        
        features
        
        head of state + gov
        
        execution of policy: appoint cabinet
        
        initiate legislation, depend on legislative
        
        fixed tenure
        
        immobilism, discontinuity
      - semi-presidential
        
        elected president
        
        appoint PM from legislature
        
        cabinet
        
        dissolve parliament + call referendum
        
        state of emergency
        
        France, Portugal, Russia
        
        cohabitation
      - monarchies
        
        constitutional (parliamentary)
        
        absolute
    - - checks and balances
        
        veto power
        
        power of the purse
        
        treaty ratification
        
        impeachment
        
        judicial review
        
        salary independence
        
        political appointments
        
        constructive confidence
        
        power fragmentation
        
        institutions (horizontal)
        
        levels of gov (vertical)
        
        central vs local
        
        unitary or federal state (constitution)
      - risks
        
        authoritarian gov
        
        immobilism
  - - - fundamental laws (laws on making laws)
      - entrenched status (specify how they can be changed)
      - codified documents
      - allocation of powers
    - - rule of law
      - peaceful transfer of power
      - separation of powers
      - relations gov-citizens
      - sovereign authority
      - gov accountability
      - final arbiter (judicial review)
    - - unobserved, incomplete, vague, changed, fail
      - need additional documents + conventions
    - - old constitutionalism - legalistic + descriptive
      - new constitutionalism
        
        rights + limited gov
        
        gov effectiveness
        
        adaptation to socio-econ circumstances
      - new institutionalism
        
        institutions shape behaviour
        
        institutionalisation by winners
        
        inertia
      - organisation as the mobilisation of bias
      - marxist structural theory
      - governance
  - - - confederations
      - supranational gov
    - - federal: middle-level territorial units of gov
        
        esp. for large countries or political cleavages along geography
        
        cooperative vs dual
        
        national, middle, local
        
        constitutionally ensured rights
      - unitary: sub-central government
        
        also devolve
    - - fused systems
      - dual systems
      - local self-government
      - problems
        
        democracy vs efficiency (NIMBY + subsidiarity)
        
        central-local political conflict
      - solutions
        
        general-purpose authorities
        
        joint bodies
        
        special-purpose authorities
    - - Mill & Tocqueville: localism
      - pluralism: localism
      - economic theories
        
        federalism or unitary statehood security+territory driven
        
        competition between small local govs --> market
      - centre-periphery relations (exploitative domination)
- - - - learning from different systems
      - good and bad only in comparative terms
    - - territory
      - people
      - sovereignty
      - legitimate government with monopoly on use of force
    - - rational
      - economic
      - individual
      - end of history
    - - origins
        
        transformation
        
        unification
        
        secession
      - development (Rokkan)
        
        state formation (penetration)
        
        nation building (standardisation)
        
        mass democracies (equalisation)
        
        welfare states (redistribution)
        
        drivers: war + capitalism
    - - constitutional (social contract)
      - ethical and moral
      - conflict (Marxist + feminist)
      - pluralist (referee)
    - - characteristics
        
        citizen's rights
        
        elections and parliamentary accountability
        
        representative democracy
        
        participatory democracy
    - - state supremacy = etatism
      - state dependency (marxists)
      - interdependency (neo-corporatists)
      - seperation and autonomy (public vs private sphere, pluralists)
  - - - voice and accountability
      - political stability & absense of violence
      - government effectiveness
      - regulatory quality
      - rule of law
      - control of corruption
- - - - agenda setting function theory: media
      - actors
        
        politicians
        
        mass media
        
        reality (crisis)
        
        civil society
    - - constraints
      - administration scarce resources
      - means
        
        command and control: legislation, regulation
        
        finance
        
        subsidies
        
        taxes
        
        advocacy
        
        information
        
        persuasion
        
        civil society
      - actor?
        
        legislative vs executive
        
        rise of executives?
        
        government complexity
        
        delegated legislation
        
        organisational advantages
        
        mass media
        
        party organisation
        
        emergency powers
        
        law of anticipated reactions
        
        functions of the legislative
        
        representation of public opinion
        
        legitimation
        
        law making
        
        scrutiny executive + administration
        
        veto powers, approval appointments, question time, debate, votes of no confidence / impeachment, committees
        
        committees
        
        media, interest groups, foreign variables
    - - bureaucracy
        
        role
        
        implementation
        
        policy advice
        
        articulation + aggregation interests
        
        political stability
        
        types administrators
        
        permanent admins
        
        political appointees
        
        head: elected or appointed by elected
        
        policy advisors
        
        control
        
        political appointees / policy advisors
        
        admin law
        
        recruitment + training
        
        representative bureaucracy
        
        scrutiny, autiting, regulation
        
        ombudsmen
        
        power
        
        Max Weber: dictatorship of the offical
        
        qualifications + expertise
        
        permanence
        
        experience
      - New Public Management
        
        privatisation & market efficiency
        
        empowerment
        
        flexible, accountable, user-friendly
    - - outcome or process
        
        system, process, policy goods
        
        stability + order, material prosperity, citizenship, democracy
    - - rational actor
        
        clear problem + objective
        
        clear means, full info
        
        cost-benefit analysis
      - incremental model
        
        bounded rationality
        
        satisficing decisions, small steps
      - bureaucratic
        
        preferences individuals + institutions central
        
        compromise
      - organisation
        
        standard operating procedures
        
        rule makes decisions
      - belief/value
        
        irrational, ideals and past
        
        limited seen options
  - - - political: stability
      - economic: quality labour force
      - social: stability
      - cultural: civic culture?
    - - public vs individual/household
      - private vs public expenditure
      - cash vs goods
    - - history: from laissez-faire night-watchman gradual increase, take care of workforce for industry, correct market failure after Great Depression. roof: 1980s, neoliberalism of 1990s, rise again from 2008