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Power & Political Behavior (Influence 4 (The behavioral response to…

- - - - This power is also known as formal authority. It is the power it is granted by virtue of one's position of organization.
    - - This is the power that exists when one person controls reward that another person values.
    - - This power is demonstrated when a person the ability or physically or psychologically harm someone else.
    - - This is the control of methods of production and analysis.
    - - This power is used by a person who has access to/ control of information.
    - - This is the formal right conferred by the firm to speak for and to a potentially important group.
  - - - this is the ability to control another person's behavior through the possession of knowledge, experience and judgment that the another person does not have, but needs. It is relative, not absolute. This means that if a person, who has better grades than the first, join the group. Expert power is also limited to the area of expertise.
    - - This is the ability to control another behavior's because the person wants to identify with the power source. It exists when one person wants to be like or imitates someone else.
    - - It is the power to control someone indirectly because the individual has an obligation to someone as part of a larger collective group.
- - - - This technique is used when a person avoids an unwanted task by falsely pleading ignorance or inability.
      - Stalling
        
        This involves slowing down the pace of work to expand the task so that the individuals look as if they working hard.
        
        Defersonalization
        
        This involves treating individuals such as customers, clients or subordinates as numbers, things or objects. Its work because the person convinces himself/ herself not to react to the political behaviors of others.
- - - - This involves evading situations that may reflect unfavorably. It includes taking only projects with a high probability of success, having risky decision approved by superiors, qualifying expressions of judgment, and taking neutral position in conflicts.
      - Justifying
        
        In this technique, the person comes up with explanations that lessen one's responsibility for negative outcome and or apologizes.
        
        Scapegoating
        
        This occurs when a person unfairly blames someone else for negative outcome.
        
        Misrepresenting
        
        This technique uses manipulation of information by distortion, embellishment, deception or selective perception.
        
        Rewriting history
        
        This involves manipulating the explanations of events in the that would the advantageous to the person.
  - - - This occurs when individuals try to prevent threatening change from occuring.
      - Self-protection
        
        This involve acting in ways to protect one's self-interest during change by guarding information or other resources.
    - - Impression Management techniques
        
        Conformity
        
        Agreeing with someone else's opinion to gain his/her approval.
        
        Favor
        
        Doing something nice for someone to gain that person approval.
        
        Excuses
        
        Explaining an event in such as a way that minimizes the severity of an outcome.
        
        Apologies
        
        Admitting responsibility for an undesirable event and simultaneously seeking to get a pardon of the action.
        
        Self-Promotion
        
        Highlighting one's best qualities, downplaying weaknesses, and calling attention on one's achievements.
        
        Enhancement
        
        Claiming that something you did is more valuable than most other members of the organization would think.
        
        Flattery
        
        Complimenting others about their virtues in an effort to make one's self's appear perceptive and likeable.
        
        Exemplification
        
        Doing more than you need to in an effort th show how dedicated and hardworking you are .