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Psych Exam 2 (Language and Thought (Language Development (Features (Fast…

- - - - Fast-mapping: infants map a word onto an underlying concept after one exposure
      - Telegraphic speech: Two-word sentences that don't have function morphemes and consists of content words
      - Babbling: combinations of vowels and consonants that sound like real syllables but are meaningless
      - Overgeneralization: Children overgeneralize grammatical rules
    - - Nativist - Langiage is innate
      - Behaviorist - Children learn through trial and error and imitating what they hear
      - Interactionist - Language is innate but exposure is neccessary
- - - - Elaborative: Levels of processing
        
        Shallow: Visual
        
        Intermediate: Rhyme
        
        Deep: Semantic
      - Visual Imagery - Storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
      - Organizational - Organizing words into a hierarchy
      - Survival - information that relates to personal encoding
    - - Sensory memory: stored for a few seconds or less
        
        Echoic: fast-decaying auditory information
        
        Iconic: fast-decaying store of visual information
      - Short-Term: Storage that holds information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute; can hold onto about 7 items
        
        Working Memory: active maintenance
        
        Rehearsal of information
        
        Chunking: splitting information into groups
      - Long-Term: Storage that holds information for hours, days, or years
        
        Hippocampus crucial for transferring information short-term to long-term, but various regions in cortex affect it
        
        Consolidation: the process by which memory becomes stable in the brain
        
        Reconsolidation: Memories are vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled
    - - Types of Retrieval Cues
        
        External - being in the same place or environment
        
        State-dependent - Specific emotions or states of mind
      - Retroactive Interference - Having trouble remembering events in the past because of events in the present
      - Proactive interference - Having troubel recalling names because of one you learned earlier
  - - - False Recognition: A feeling of familiarity about something
    - - It is possible to create false memories by using suggestion techniques
    - - Consistency: Reconstructing to fit present
      - Change: Tendency to exxagerte difference between now and past
      - Egocentric: Tendency to exxagerate differences from ourselves to make ourselves seem better
    - - Flashbulb memory - detailed recollections of where and when we heard about shocking events