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Cell Activities ((A Tour of the Cell (The Endomembrane System (Golgi…

- - - - Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
        
        Eukaryotic cell: Membrane bound organelles
        
        Prokaryotic cell: No membrane bound organelles
      - Cytoskeleton
        
        Intermediate filaments
        
        Structure: Two strands of actin
        
        Function: Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing), aids cell motility
        
        Size: 8-12nm
        
        Microtubles
        
        Structure: Coiled proteins
        
        Function: Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus, formation of nuclear lamina
        
        Size: 7nm
        
        Mircofilaments
        
        Structure: Hollow tubes, Tubulin dimer
        
        Function: Maintenance of cell shape ( compression resisting), organelle railroad
        
        Size: 15-25nm
      - Cell size
        
        Surface area v Volume explanation: Cells of small size are able to maximize their surface area relative to voume
        
        Reasoning: A high surface area to volume ratio leads to more material transfer per unit of space
    - - Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Rough
        
        Coated with ribosomes, production of cell proteins and glycoproteins
        
        Smooth
        
        No ribosomes, lipid synthesis
      - Golgi aparatus
        
        Structure: Groups of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
        
        Function: Repaking and processing of proteins from ER (Shipping and Receiving Center)
        
        Cis: Facing ER; Trans: Away from ER
      - Nuclear envelope
        
        Structure: Pores, double membrane (lamina)
        
        Filter the entry and exit of proteins and RNA from nucleus
      - Plasma membrane
        
        Function: Regulates entry and exit of molecules and substances into cell
        
        Is supplemented by vesicles released from the golgi
        
        Structure: Lipid bilayer
    - - Chloroplasts
        
        Process: Photosynthesis
        
        Output: Sugars
        
        Structure: Double membrane, DNA, granum, stroma, intermembrane space
      - Mitochondria
        
        Process: Cellular respiration
        
        Output: ATP
        
        Structure: Double membrane, DNA, intermembrane space, matrix
    - - Electron Microscopy
        
        Scanning (SEM)
        
        Function: Observe surfaces at much greater detail than light microscopy
        
        Resolution limit: 2 nanometers
        
        Transmission (TEM)
        
        Function: Observe internal structures at much greater detail than light microscopy
        
        Resolution limit: 2 nanometers
      - Light Microscopy
        
        Function: Magnify structures up to 1,000 their actual size
        
        Resolution limit: 200 nanometers
      - Preparation
        
        cell fragmentation
        
        Application: Method used to separate cell components based on size and density
        
        Technique: Cells are blended, placed in a centrifuge, with contents removed and separated through "differential centrifugation
    - - Function
        
        Control center of the cell; contains all genetic material for cell
      - Structure(s):
        
        Nuclear envelope
        
        Double layer membrane, filters contents entering and exiting nucleus
        
        Nuclear lamina
        
        Maintains shape of the nucleus
        
        Nucleolus
        
        Dense cluster of chromatin at center of nucleus
- - - - Membrane Proteins
        
        Integral: Continuous throguh membrane
        
        cell-cell recognition: Hold markers that serve as "safe tags"
        
        intercellular joining: Gap, tight, desmosomes
        
        Signal transducer: Send message from outside the cell into the cytoplasm
        
        Enzyme: Trigger chemical reactions at membrane
        
        Transport: Move molecules and substances
        
        attachment to cytoskeleton: Anchor cell and help maintain cell shape
        
        Peripheral: Non continous through membrane
      - Lipid-bilayer
        
        Composed of: Phosopholipids
        
        Function: Basis for selective permeability, "water tight" barrier
      - Cholesterol
      - Carbohydrates
        
        Types
        
        Glycolipid: attached to membrane
        
        Glycoprotein: attached to membrane protein
        
        Function: Cell marking
    - - Co-transport
        
        Function: Coupling of downhill diffusion to drive uphill transport of substances
        
        Utilize: Concentration gradient created by ion pumps
      - Endo/Exocytosis
        
        Function: Uptake/intake of large substances through membrane
        
        Utilize: Receptors allow uptake of substance/ vesicles transfer substances out
      - Pumps
        
        Function: Help establish membrane potential
        
        Utilize: electrochemical gradient
    - - Diffusion
        
        Definition: The movement of any material down its concentration gradient
      - Osmosis
        
        Definition: The diffusion of water
        
        Tonicity
        
        hypotonic solution: -solute, cell will expand
        
        hypertonic solution: +solute, cell will shrink
        
        isotonic solution: =solute, cell will sustain
      - Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Defintion: The use of carrier or channel proteins to aid diffusion