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12 year old bone fracture injury (Background (Raw materials needed for…

- - - - 2 blood vessels supply nutrients to mesenchymal cells
      - 3 Triggers them to become osteoblasts
      - 1 Cartilaginous tissue is vascularized
      - 4 Osteoblasts gather along diaphysis wall to form bone collar
    - - 1 Chondrocytes in central cavity grow causing matrix to calcify
      - 2 Calcified matrix causes cell death in calcified area
      - 3 Central clearing forms where cells died
      - 4 Chondrocytes elsewhere cause elongation
    - - 1 Periosteal bud enters cavity Causing spongy bone formation
      - 2 Bud delivers osteogenic cells
      - 3 Osteoclasts degrade cartilage matrix
      - 4 Osteoblasts insert new spongy bone matrix
      - 5 Bone keeps elongating
    - - 1 Primary ossification center continues to enlarge
      - 2 Osteoclasts break down newly formed spongy bone
      - 3 Medullary cavity begins to form
      - 5 Epiphyseal surface starts to form
      - 4 Cartilage growth now only in epiphyses
    - - 1 Epiphyses ossify
      - 2 Cartilage now stays on bone surface and epiphyseal plates
  - - - Cells at top of bone divide
      - Divide pushes epiphysis away from diaphysis lengthening bone
    - - Chondrocytes close to diaphysis enlarge
      - Their lacunae erode and enlarge leaving interconnecting spaces
    - - Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies
      - Chondrocytes die
      - Matrix deteriorates letting blood vessels invade
      - Leaves spicules of calcified cartilage
    - - Spicules are invaded by Marrow elements from medullary cavity
      - Osteoclasts erode spicules then osteoblasts cover with new bone
      - Spongy bone replaces it
  - - - Bone ends retain normal postion
    - - Bone ends are out of alignment
    - - if bone end penetrates the skin
    - - if bone is fully broken through
    - - If bone end doesn't penetrate the skin
    - - If bone is not fully broken through
  - - - Parathyroid hormone signal osteoclasts
      - Responds to low calcium in blood
      - Release acidic substance that releases minerals back into blood
      - Release enzymes that breakdown collagen
    - - Osteoblasts are released stimulated by calcitonin
      - Secretes bone matrix
      - Absorbs minerals from blood and deposit into marix
  - - - bone breaks
      - Blood vessels in bone are torn
      - Hemorrhaged blood clot forms hematoma
      - Bone cells deprived of nutrition die
    - - New blood vessels grow into clot
      - Fibroblasts and chondroblast invade fracture site
      - Collagen fibers are produced to connect bone ends
      - Chondroblasts secrete cartilaginous matrix which will calcify later
      - This forms a Fibrocartilaginous callus
    - - Osteocytes begin forming spongy bone
      - Osteoblasts begin to lay trabeculae of new bone within a week
      - Trabeculae span width of callus, unite bone together
      - Fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by immature bone
    - - Bony callus is remodeled
      - Excess material on diaphysis and in medullary cavity is removed
      - Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
- - - - Affect growth of bone
      - Affect development of bone
        
        If not placed properly bone may grow crooked
      - Shattered pieces can damage nerve and blood vessels
    - - Preventing infection
      - Must be cleaned out in surgical procedure
        
        Wound
        
        Tissues
        
        Bone
  - - - Lack of calcium can make bones brittle
      - High calcium diet is Important for bone health
      - High protein diet is important for bone health
        
        Protein can influence growth hormones
    - - Doesn't get the nutrients needed for strong bone
    - - Needs to eat whole fresh food to get nutrients to repair bone
      - Needs more minerals