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Case: The boy fell forward, landing on his right arm. His right elbow…

- - - - No dairy lack of calcium which is used in bone strength and faster heal process
        
        Will have to take Ca supplements
  - - - Treatment
        
        Cast Immobilization
        
        plaster or fiberglass cast is the most common type of fracture treatment
        
        Functional Cast or Brace
        
        cast or brace allows limited or "controlled" movement of nearby joints
        
        Traction
        
        Traction is usually used to align a bone or bones by a gentle, steady pulling action.
        
        External Fixation
        
        metal pins or screws are placed into the broken bone above and below the fracture site
      - Symptoms
        
        Swelling and tenderness around the injury
        
        Bruising
        
        Deformity a limb may look "out of place" or a part of the bone may puncture through the skin
  - - - Ca is important for young boys because there bones are still growing
  - - - All I have is, if nerves are damaged, he can lose motor skills in his hand
- - - - Diagonal break across the bone
    - - The bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance
    - - The break spirals around the bone; common in a twisting injury
    - - The break is in three or more pieces and fragments are present at the fracture site
    - - The break is in a straight line across the bone
    - - The same bone is fractured in two places, so there is a "floating" segment of bone.
    - - Incomplete fracture. The broken bone is not completely separated
  - - - the body develops cartilage and tissue in and around the fracture site.
    - - solid bone replaces spongy bone, completing the healing process
    - - blood vessels torn by the fracture release blood
        
        blood starts to clot and forms a fracture hematoma.
        
        Because of the disruption of blood flow to the bone, some bone cells around the fracture die.
  - - - Milk, yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products are the biggest food sources of calcium.
  - - - Has a layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bones
  - - - Bone is produced
        
        osteoblasts secrete a matrix material called osteoid
        
        gelatinous substance made up of collagen, a fibrous protein, and mucopolysaccharide
        
        after the osteoid is laid down, inorganic salts are deposited in it to form the hardened material recognized as mineralized bone
    - - cartilage in the region of the epiphyseal plate grow by mitosis
        
        chondrocytes, in the region next to the diaphysis, age and degenerate
        
        Osteoblasts move in and ossify the matrix to form bone
    - - synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body
        
        osteoclasts releases calcium into the bloodstream to meet the body’s metabolic needs and simultaneously allows the bone to go
        
        which is inhibited by its inorganic component from growing by cell division like other tissues—to alter size and shape as it grows to adult proportions.
  - - - covers all internal surfaces of bone has osteogenic cells
        
        4 types of osteogenic cells
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        bone builder
        
        secrete collagen matrix & calcium salts forming new bone
        
        Some osteoblast will get trapped and become osteocytes
        
        Osteocytes
        
        bone polisher
        
        involved in bone resorption
        
        maintain mineral concentration of the bone matrix by secretion of enzymes
        
        Osteogenic cell
        
        Stem cell, derived from mescenchyme
        
        cell will divide, 1 will be stem cell the other will be osteoblast
        
        Osteoclasts
        
        breaks down bone and is responsible for bone resorption
    - - Osteogenic cells