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Chapter 4 (Gender and language (Metaphorically speaking men are from Mars…

- - - - words that have more than one definition
      - ex: period is a girl's stuff or a punctuation mark
    - - words that gain their meaning by comparison
      - Ex: is it big or small
    - - slang is a language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group
        
        scooby means clue
      - Jargon a specialized vocabulary used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds and experiences
        
        ex: tl; dr means too long; didn't read
    - - abstraction ladder a range of more- or less- abstract terms describing an event or subject
      - abstract language language that lacks specificity or does not refer to observable behavior or the sensory data
      - using behavioral descriptions to avoid overly abstract language (an account that refers only to observable phenomenon)
        
        1.Who is involved?
        
        2.In what circumstances does the behavior occur
        
        What behaviors are involved?
  - - - factual statement is a statement that can be verified as being true r false
      - Opinion statement is a statement base on the speaker's beliefs
    - - inferential statement is a conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
    - - Language that conveys an attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
  - - - To use good words of good omen
- - - - Some researches suggested that the phonetic sound of a person's name affects the way we regard him or her, at least when we don't have other informations available
    - - Speech style and the credibility associated with it also influences perception.
      - Ex: an impostor (one who pretends to be someone else to deceive others) who sound smart and reliable might also impress audience
    - - speech can influence one's status
      - accent, choice of words, speech rate, and even the apparent age of the speaker are all factors that creates a positive or a negative impression
    - - Linguistic relativism is the notion that the language shapes the way we view the world.
    - - Language might influence how we perceive entire groups of people
      - Ex: the word fireman, businessman might affect children to assume those works are only for man, as for fire fighter and business person has the opposite effect.
  - - - people who seem confident and assertive usually fare better
      - ex: different cultures have different tendencies to express the same meaning, some prefer a more straight forward expression, but some expected to say in a way thats saves face for other
    - - researches demonstrated that communicators who want to show affiliation with one another adapt their speech in variety of ways, including their choice of vocabulary \, rate of talking, number and placement of pauses and level of politeness.
      - this linguistic accommodation is referred as "convergence"- accommodating one's speaking style to another person, usually a person who is desirable or has higher status
      - The opposite of convergence is Divergence, a linguistic strategy in which speakers emphasize differences between their communicative style and that of others to create
      - Linguistic intergroup bias the tendency to label people and behaviors in terms that reflect their in-group or out-group status.
    - - Demonstrative pronoun choice
        
        "These people want our help" is more positive than "those people want some help"
        
        I don't really understand why changing the word from these to those will make a difference
      - Negation
        
        "it's good" vs "it's not bad"
      - Sequential Placement
        
        The thing you think more important should be put at the front
    - - It is not finished vs I didn't finish it, the former one sounds more responsible
      - You make me angry vs I got angry when you do that, the former one is more responsible
      - "But" cancels everything before it
      - Questions vs statement, ex: "Do you think we should do that?" vs "I don't think we should do that"