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Language (Gender and Lang (Men are not from Mars, and women are not from…

- - - - Words that have more than one dictionary definition
      - Indirect statements interpreted as no vs maybe
    - - Relative words: words that gain meaning through comparison
      - Fast and slow, smart and stupid
      - A lot, a few
    - - Slang: language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture
        
        Regionalisms: terms only people from relatively small geographic area use and understand
      - Jargon: Specialized vocab used as shorthand by people with common backgrounds/experience
    - - Abstraction ladder: range of more-to-less abstract terms describing an event or object
      - Book -> textbook -> communication textbook -> Understanding Human Communication, etc
      - Abstract lang: lang that lacks specificity or does not refer to observable behavior
      - Behavioral description: account that refers only to observable phenomena
        
        Who is involved?
        
        In what circumstances did behavior occur?
        
        What behaviors are involved?
  - - - Factual statements: statement that can be verified as true/false
      - Opinion statements: statement based on speaker's beliefs
      - We often present opinions as facts, causing unnecessary arguments
    - - Inferential statements: conclusion based on interpretation of evidence
      - Only dangerous if we present inferences as truth
    - - Assertive vs aggressive
      - Forceful vs pushy
      - Showing leadership vs controlling
  - - - Restroom vs toilet
      - Full-figured vs overweight
    - - When asked about a dress you don't like: "You look amazing. I've never seen an outfit like that before."
- - - - Phonetic sound affects how we regard someone
      - Some names sound "black", some names sound "white", etc
      - May also be a basis for discrimination
    - - Speech style influences perception
      - Impressive language can make anyone sound good
    - - Speech can affect status
      - "Standard English" vs "Vernacular English"
    - - Linguistic relativism: notion that language influences the way we experience the world
    - - Fireman vs firefighter, businessman vs business person
      - Nongendered language vs nouns associated with gender
  - - - "Powerful" speech (confident, assertive)
        
        Extremely powerless vs overly powerful
      - Saving face is high priority in some cultures
    - - Convergence: accommodating one's speaking style to another person, usually one who is desirable or has higher status
      - Shared language is key to establishing relationships
      - Divergence: linguistic strategy where speakers emphasize differences between their comm. style and others to create distance
      - Linguistic intergroup bias: tendency to label people and behaviors in terms that reflect their in-group/out-group status
    - - Demonstrative pronoun choice
      - Negation
      - Sequential placement
    - - It vs I statements
      - You vs I statements
      - But statements
      - Questions vs statements