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Lecture 8: Learning perspective (Operant conditioning (Schedules of…
Lecture 8: Learning perspective
Classical conditioning
Emotional conditioning
CR is an emotional reaction eg. gd/bad feelings
explain emotional aspects of personality
neurotic behaviours/phobias (Little Albert experiment)
Superstitious behaviour
involves UCS, NS, CS, UCR, CR
Operant conditioning
+ve/-ve reinforcement/punishment
other issues
Discriminative stimulus
Extinction
Generalisation
Law of effect
responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation
responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation
Schedules of reinforcement
Variable ratio
Jackpot machine
Fixed interval
salaries at the end of the month
Fixed ratio
$5 for every 100 toys made
Variable interval
Random spot checks/raids/pop quizzes
Continuous/partial & Ratio/interval
Habit hierarchies
some responses very likely (high on hierarchy) cos often followed by more satisfying states of affairs
others are less likely (lower on hierarchy)
a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will produce particular responses in particular situations
Social reinforcement (less focus on physical needs but like smiles, hugs, praises, etc.)
Vicarious Emotional Learning/Social learning/Observational learning
experience of emotion from watching another person experience an intense level of the same emotion
Seeing a person reinforced/punished for a bhvr increases/decreases tendency to do a similar bhvr
requires empathy (NOT sympathy which is a feeling of concern for someone else who's suffering
Modelling aggression
Vicarious reinforcement
may suggest that violence is an appropriate way to deal with conflict
Desensitisation
extinguishing of -ve emotional responses to aggression & violence
provide eg of innovative aggressive techniques through observational learning
BUT ppl don't always repeat the actions they see
bhvr depends on expectancy & incentive (value of desired outcome)
depends on outcome expectancy->evaluatn of whether bhvr will lead to desired outcome
Diff levels of analysis of personality
Like some others
Like no others
like all others