Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Cancer (How tumor supressor genes block cell division (In normal cell…

- - - - Also known as Stage 4 Cancer
  - - - Fractures
      - Swelling
      - Bone, neck and back pain
    - - Headache
      - Nausea
      - Seizures
      - Loss of Balance
      - Changes in vision(doubled vision or loss of vision)
    - - Shortness of Breath
      - Constant Dry Cough
      - Difficulty Breathing
    - - Skin and Eyes becomes yellow(Jaundice)
      - Loss of apetite
      - Belly pain
      - Rashes
  - - - For many people with cancer, their goals are to cure the cancer. However, this goal may not be realistic for Metastasis Cancer. The goal to treat this type of cancer is to slow the growth or spread of cancer before it becomes brutal to the body
    - - Just like cancers in general, they are also used to treat metastasis cancer. They are drugs that affect the whole body when taken. They include the following:
        
        Chemotherapy
        
        Drug used to kill cancer cells or stop it from spreading. However, it may also kill healthy cells, which may have side effects on the body.
        
        Targeted Therapy
        
        This drug is slightly different from the chemotherapy, it target a cancer's specific part of the cancer which determines the cancer's development and their survival
        
        Immunotherapy
        
        A treatment for cancer which develops your immune system to be able to fight with cancer cells. Side effects may include Flu-like symptoms
- - - - Certain occupations have been associated with an increased risk of cancer development
      - Geographical influences-- the food people consume or environmental factors
    - - Smoking
        
        Most potent carcinogen. Cigarette smoke consist of both inhibitors and promoters making it very dangerous.
      - Alcohol
        
        Alcohol is a promoter of carcinogen
      - UV Radiation from Tanning Beds
        
        Is a powerful initiator in humans and cal also cause skin cancers
    - - Parasites - a certain type of worm like parasite are known to cause cancer
      - Bacteria living in the colon can cause colon cancer
      - Viruses - viruses have also been associated with the initiation and promotion of tumor growth. DNA viruses contain genes whose products can take control of cell division in the host cell.
  - - - Initiation
      - Progression
      - Promotion
    - - Hyperplasia
        
        The altered cell divides in an uncontrolled manner leading to an excess of cells in that region of the tissue.
      - Dysplasia
        
        When genetic changes in the hyperplastic cells lead to increasingly abnormal growth. Cells and tissues no longer look normal.
      - Carcinoma
        
        Cells and tissues appear abnormal. Cells are now spread over a larger area and the region of the tissue involved primarily contains altered cells
        
        Angiogenesis takes place, this is the recruitment of blood vessels from the network of neighbouring blood vessels. Nutrients get passed through the vessels, providing the tumor with nutrients and blood to grow.
        
        Mutation in the DNA causes the cell to replicate even when not needed.
        
        Carcinomas originate in the body's epithelial tissue
        
        The DNA suffers mutation through miscopying ,radiation or other damaging effects. Through mutations, the cancer keeps growing and growing. As it replicates, it gets too large and the membrane is not able to contain it
      - Cancer (Malignant Tumors)
        
        These tumors have the ability to invade surrounding tissues and spread to areas outside the local tissue. Has the ability to kill a person.
- - - - G1 checkpoint: decide if the cell should continue to divide or not
      - G2 checkpoint: assess the success of DNA replication and trigger the start of mitosis
      - M checkpoint: assess the accuracy of mitosis