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12 year old boy with bone fracture; right elbow (Background Information…

- - - - made up of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity
      - medullary cavity
        
        filled with yellow bone marrow
    - - ends of long bone
      - compact bone surrounding spongy bone
        
        compact bone
        
        dense outer layer
        
        spongy bone
        
        made up of trabeculae
    - - lies between the diaphysis and epiphyses
      - allows for lateral growth of long bones
    - - periosteum
        
        covers external surface of bone
      - endosteum
        
        covers internal surface of bone
    - - osteoclasts
        
        break down bones
      - osteoblasts
        
        builds bones
      - osteocytes
        
        monitor/maintain matrix
      - osteogenic cells
        
        active stem cells;change to osteoblasts when stimulated
      - living cells
        
        regulate calcium passage
  - - - hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone
      - endochondrial bone
    - - fibrous membrane forms into bone
      - membranous bone
  - - - requires presence of epiphyseal cartilage in growth plate
      - plate thins and is replaced by bone
      - increase in length
    - - increase in thickness
      - not dependant on cartilage
      - response to increased stress from muscle activity or added weight
  - - - bone tissue is broken down by osteoclasts
      - minerals are released
      - calcium is transferred into blood
    - - osteoblasts deposit minerals to form bone tissue
  - - - bone ends remain in normal position
    - - bone ends are no longer properly aligned
    - - break goes completely through bone
    - - break doesn't go completely through bone
    - - bone penetrates the skin
    - - bone doesn't penetrate the skin
  - - - open
        
        bone ends surgically secued
      - closed
        
        bones are realigned by physician with cast or splint
    - - movement of bone is restricted
    - - new blood vessels
      - matrix secreted by chondroblasts is calcifies
      - bone ends are connected
    - - spongy bone is formed by osteoblasts
      - fibrocatilaginous callus is turned into immature bone
    - - bony callus is remodelled to the correct shape
      - compact bone is formed
      - Minerals for Growth and Repairi
        
        calcium
        
        protein
        
        vitamin D
        
        magnesium
        
        phosphorus
        
        potassium
        
        flouride