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Food and Mouth Disease (FMD) (Importance of DIVA (To confirm the absence…
Food and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Importance of DIVA
To confirm the absence of FMDV circulation in livestock population
Monitor the success of FMD eradication programme- Create FMD free zone
Identification and elimination or cull of the infected and carrier animals
Allow to follow the spread of FMD infection and estimate the degree of virus circulation in a population
Support the sero-surveillance exercises that assess the prevalence of infection in livestock and wildlife
Emergency vaccination using DIVA vaccines is the control tool for diseases outbreak- Limit the number of culled animals- Enhancing public acceptance for disease control measures & Reduce economic loss
FMD Virus
Non-envelope, icosahedral capsid
Virions are smooth and round in outline
Picornavirus
Diagnostic assay :
Sandwich ELISA
TaqMan Real time- PCR
Virus isolation
Genome Sequencing
Virus Protein
VP0 ( VP2 & VP4)
VP1
VP3
Type of immunity
Cell Mediated Immunity
T cell (activates & differentiates)
CD4 Helper T Cells
Up-regulation of MHC class I expression
Make cytokines IL-2
Help B cells to produce antibody and isotype switch
Help activate CD8 Cytotoxic T cells
Help activate antigen presenting cells: macrophage (Opsonisation)
ADCC (NK cells)
Hummoral immunity
B cell (activates)
Neutralisation by antibodies
Ig G & Ig A neutralise virus
Ingestion by macrophage
Binding to the viral ligand that binds the cell receptor
Opsonisation
Free virus in circulation
Coating with antibody that promotes phagocytosis
Ingestion by macrophage
DIVA (Differentiating of vaccinated and infected animals)
NSP antibody detection
difference between vaccinated and infected animals
mucosal antibody detection
salivary IgA antibody test
cell-mediated immune responses
production of IFN-y
produces
Kill virus infected cell through lymphotoxin, cytotoxin and perforin
