Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lecture9: Self-actualisation & self-determination (Self-actualisation,…
Lecture9: Self-actualisation & self-determination
Self-actualisation
Actualisation
tendency to develop capabilities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism
Self-actualisation
Promotes maintenance or enhancement of self
moves person towards greater autonomy & self-sufficiency
Promotes congruence, organisation, wholeness & integration in the person
Carl Rogers
Organismic valuing process
If not, nagging sense that smth isn't right
If yes, person is operating as fully functional person
Mechanism that evaluates whether experiences are actualising
Fully functioning person
trust their feelings and is self-actualising
described by Rogers as someone who is self-actualising
live lives filled w meaning, challenge & excitement, & willingness to risk pain
Need for +ve regard
Unconditional +ve regard
affection given w/o special conditions or strings attached
Conditional +ve regard
Conditions of Worth
Conditions which a person is considered worthy of regard
may have conflicts bet self-actualisation & fulfilling conditions of worth (eg.child wanna be musician.Parents want doctor)
sometimes hard to tell true desire from conditions of worth
Conditional Self-regard
my self-worth depends on the evaluation of others
we apply conditions of worth to self & give ourselves affection & acceptance only when we satisfy those conditions
Self-actualisation isn't the only big influence on bhvr-> we also have Strong motive for love, friendship, and affection from significant others
Link with self actualisation
BUT need for +ve regard is so salient that its influence is often felt more keenly
eg. Guy gives up dream of becoming a musician to help his dad continue his family business
self-actualising is more impt than fulfilling conditions of worth so should get 1st priority
Self-determination (Deci, Ryan)
Types of actions
Self-determined
done because of intrinsic value to self (eg. swimming just cos u like it)
Controlled
Done to gain payment or satisfy external pressure (Eg. swimming to gain approval, win awards and medals)
Rewards can undermine intrinsic value of some activities, turn them into controlled actions
Activities are resistant to this effect if reward informs u abt your competency
Extrinsic motivation
controlled
external regulation
Introjected regulation
done to avoid guilt or to get self-approval
control is exerted from external sources
applied standards of "should" and "ought" to behaviour
Self-determined
Identified regulation
process where behaviour comes to hold personal meaning & value over time
Not as self-determined as intrinsically motivated behaviour
eg. u do well in class cos u believe learning is impt for growth
Integrated regulation
goals are integrated within the self
more self-determined than identified regulation
behaviours are intrinsically motivated
3 needs
Autonomy (self-determination)
Competence
must be satisfied for a life of growth, integrity & well-being
Relatedness
Self-concordance
try to reach self-concordant goals->try harder->more satisfying experiences->attain better well-being->experience promotes greater motivation for next self-concordant goal-> cycle continues
characteristics
contribute to greater sense of well-being
creates +ve spiral of benefit
pursuit of goals that are consistent with core values
Free will
Reactance
results in attempts to regain/assert it
eg. young children who are told they cannot play with a certain toy would want to play with it more
happens when u expect to have a particular freedom & u see it as being threatened
perceptions of free will can be experimentally manipulated (ppl can be led to believe they intentionally caused smth to happen when someone else actually caused it
ppl are free to determine
what to become
if they are to be self-actualised/accept conditions of worth
how they act
The Self
Self-esteem maintenance & enhancement
Conditions for event to affect self-esteem
Event must be interpreted as good or bad
Event attributable to you
Defense against failures
minimise negativity of event (eg. "wasn't that bad")
Resist attributions to stable qualities of self (eg. blame others, excuses)
Enhancement through success
Attribute to stable characteristics of self
Claim control of those characeristics
Self-handicapping
Difficult goals & substantial risks of failure pose as threats to self-esteem
Create external situation where potential failure can be attributed
Act in a way that creates condition for failure
Self-esteem maintained->no threat to stable qualities of self
Incongruence
Leads to anxiety & can cause low self-esteem
ways to defend against anxiety
Prevent threatening experiences from reaching awareness->Denial
Avoidance of situation that trigger perceptions of congruence
Distortion of experience->Rationalisation
disorganisation in the self that is detected by organismic value process
Self-concept
Set of qualities a person sees as being a part of herself
Actual self - Perception of the way you are
Ideal - What you really want to be
As self-actualisation occurs, it promotes congruence->helps u get closer to being the ideal self
Abraham Maslow
Self-actualisers
Problem-centered, concerned with eternal philosophical qns
Freshness of appreciation of ordinary events
Accepting of themselves, others & of nature despite imperfections which may exist
Deep ties, but only with a few persons
efficient, accurate in perceiving reality
Appreciate for its own sake the process of doing things
Maintain inner detachment from culture in which they live
Peak experiences
clarity of perception
distortion of time
heightened sense of connection to elements in surrounding
Subjective feelings of awe, wonder & ecstasy
times when actualisation is clearly occurring
More common during work than leisure
Hierarchy of motives
Safety & physical security needs
shelter from weather, protection against predators
less demanding but still necessary for survival
Love & belongingness
need for companionship, affection & acceptance from others (same as need for +ve regard)
Base of Pyramid
primitive, basic & demanding physiological needs
air, water food->essential needs for survival
Esteem needs
emphasise on evaluatn from others & self
includes need for sense of mastery & power, sense of appreciation from others
viewed human needs as forming a hierarchy which vary in immediacy & power and as u move up, needs become more distinctly human, less animalistic
Self-actualisation
to become whatever you're capable of becoming, extending yourself to the limits of your capabilities
Comparison & r/s of Maslow and Rogers
Similarities
Maslow believed like Rogers, that need for acceptance can be more demanding than the need for self-actualisation
Hence, ppl can be distracted from self-actualisation by the need for +ve regard
Rogers focused on social needs which Maslow began at the 3rd level of pyramid
also, Maslow's esteem needs are similar to Roger's need for +ve regard & conditions of worth
differences
in terms of motive, Rogers think bowing to conditions of worth is bad
To maslow, esteem needs are part of being human, though less impt than the need for self-actualisation
bottom 2 levels of Maslow's pyramid refer to needs that Rogers ignored
Existential psychology
Central construct
Translates as being-in-the-world
conveys a sense of experience as an autonomous, separate, evolving entity in the world
"Dasein"
key issue in life
inevitability of death
how to respond to this realisation
Either live a life of nothingness or authentic being
Emphasis on individual's personal experience in life with a focus on the existential dilemma
Existential guilt
we're responsibel for making the most out of every moment of our existence & when fail to fulfill these possibilities->guilt
strongest when a person who's free to choose fails to do so