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Ross Leslie The Skeletal System p.7 (Name all the Bones (Radius- bone on…
Ross Leslie The Skeletal System p.7
The Long Bone
Articular Cartilage- smooth, glassy cartilage allows bone to glide past each other smooth surface and decrease friction between ones.
Periosteum- membrane that covers bone, attachment site for muscle, tendons, and ligaments, and osteoblast production after injury
Epiphysis- end of long bone, proximal, distal, compact bone enclosing spongy bone and contain red bone marrow- hematopoietic
Endosteum- Thin membrane lining Medullary cavity, connective tissue, and contain both.
Diaphysis- shaft of compact bone, covered with thin connective tissue called Periosteum, and contain Medullary cavity hollow area filled with yellow bone marrow [ fat storage]
Medullary Cavity- center of long bone, contain yellow marrow [ mostly fat] in adults, and contain red marrow [ blood cell information] in infants
Microscopic of Compact bone
Osteocytes- mature bone cells, are osteoblasts that have become trapped in lacunae; they maintain the bone matrix, and star shaped, they are old/ matrix osteoblasts
Osteoclasts- bone destroying, giant cells that participate in bone resorption [ reabsorb]; mainly found on outside of bone, release minerals into blood stream by breaking down
Osteoblast- bone building, found in periosteum and endosteum; secrete matrix [ collagen and ground substance], and blast growth
Compact Bone- appears solid, network of osteons = structural unit of compact bone, calcium matrix surrounding collagen fibers; strong but flexible, and an arranged in rings surrounding central canal
Bone Remodeling
Control of Remodeling- Hormonal Control-occurs of 2 negative feedback loop, low blood Ca++ levels ----> PTH release----> osteoclasts destroy bone
High blood Ca++ levels ----> Calcitonin release ----> osteoblasts despite bone
b) Response to Stress and Pressure- flormonal control ignores the needs of the skeleton Wolff's Law holds that a bone grows/ remodels itself in response to the forces and stress exerted upon it
Bone Deposit-occurs when bones are injured, to make the bone stronger for a short period of time but will eventually reach similar strength as the bone surrounding it
Bone Reabsorption- occurs in response to the calcium needs of the body. If there us a shortage of calcium, the osteoclasts will dissolve/absorb bone so that calcium can be sent to the muscles and nerves [ increase blood calcium level]
Bone Remodeling- bone is often being made and /or reabsorbed at the periosteum/ endosperm which results in the remodeling of the bone
Bone Fracture
Depresses Fracture- bone is pressed inward or denied in and common in skull fracture [ where they hit over the head with a hammer, bat, etc
Spiral Fracture- ragged break from a twisting force appeared to the bone and common sport injury or can indicate possible child abuse
Compression Fracture- bone is crushed and collapsed on itself, common invertebrae and common in elderly patient with osteoporosis
Impacted Fracture- broken bone forced into each other and common in long bones, and impact from the outstretched arm to break a fall
Comminuted Fracture- broken into more than 3 pieces
Greenstick Fracture- bones break incompletely and common in children whose bones have not yet fully ossified
movement of synovial membrane
Ball- and- socket- very wide range that is impossible like shoulders and hip joints
Condylar Joint- a variety of motions like joints between a metacarpal and a phalange
Plane joint- a back- and - fourth motion like the wrist and ankle. Also between vertebrae are gliding joints
Hinge joint- a surface fits into a concave surface that is found in the elbow and phalange
Pivot joint- a surface that rotates within a ring bone and fibrous tissue like between proximal ends of the radius and ulna and the atlas and dens f rage axis
Saddle joint- permits movement in two planes like between trapezium and the metacarpals of the thumbs
Differences of Male and Female Pelvis
The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis. It indicates that the female pelvis is much taller ( owing to a higher iliac crest), narrower, and more compact than the male pelvis
The male pelvis is the distance between the ischium bones which is smaller in the male than females and it is shape inlet is more heart shaped
Bone Repair
Hematoma- blood filled swelling caused by the broken blood vessels and signals released to start the process
Fibrocartilage callus- a temporary "bridge" or connective between end of broken bone
Bony- eventually replaced by the hard bone on a process called remodeling
Fibrocartilage- replaced by a bony callus- tougher and more stable
Types of bone
Flat Bone- flat, thin boned, often curved ( skull plates, ribs, sternum etc)
Irregular Bones- odd, irregular shapes ( pelvis, vertebrae, scapula etc)
Short Bone- square or cube shaped ( wrist, ankle, patella etc)
Appendicular skeleton- 126 bones, upper & lower limbs ( shoulder bones & hip bones)
Long Bone- longer than they are wide ( arms, legs, phalanges etc.)
Compact Bone- very solid & smooth; outer layer of bones
Axial skeleton- 80 bones, long axis of the body, skull, vertebra & thorax
Spongy Bone- contain small " needles" of bone called spicules or trabecular with open holes/spaces
Joints
Fibrous joint- dense connective tissue, no movement; fibrous connective tissue grows between two bones ( sutures of skull)
Cartilaginous Joint- cartilage connects articulating bones; pubic symphysis or intervertebral disk in spine
Synovial joint- most joints are in this class; free movement
Articular Cartilage- a " rubber shock absorber" that provides a smooth frictionless surface
Synarthroses- immovable joints
Amphiarthroses- slightly moveable joints
Diarthoses- freely moveable joints
Articulation of joints- holds bone together; allows for mobility
Joint Capsule & Ligaments- fibrous connective tissue connects the ends of two joining bones
Synovial membrane- secretes synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity & decrease friction
Synovial cavity- spaces inside a joint capsule between two bones, filled with synovial fluid
Bursae- flattened fibrous sacs, lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid
Name all the Bones
Radius- bone on thumb, side of lower arm
Ulna- bone on little finger, side of lower arm, also known as funny bone
Clavicle- collarbones, only joints between shoulder girdle & axial skeleton
Scapula- shoulder blades, scapula plus clavicle forms shoulder girdle
Humerus- upper arm bone
Metacarpals- form framework of palm of hand
Phalanges- finger bones; three each finger, two each thumb
True ribs- upper seven pairs, attached to sternum by costal cartilage
False ribs- lower five ribs, lowest pair do not attach to sternum
Coccyx- in child, three to five separate vertebrae; in adults, fused into one; ends of spinal region
Sacrum- in child, five separate vertebrae; in adults, fused into one
Floating ribs- next three pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage
Lumbar vertebrae- next five vertebrae, are in small of back
Cervical- upper seven vertebrae in neck region
Thoracic vertebrae- next 12 vertebrae, ribs attach to these
Patella- kneecap
Maxilla- upper jawbones
xiphoid process- lower end of sternum
Fibula- long slender bone of lateral side of lower leg
Pubic bone- makes up the pelvis
Tibia- shinbone
Femur- thigh or upper leg bone
Metatarsal- form part of foot to which toes are attached
Nasal- small bones that form upper part of bridge of nose
Synovial Membrane Disorders
Lateral flexion- bending head, neck, or trunk to side
Rotation- moving a part around its axis
Pronation- rotation of forearm so that palm is downward or posterior
Abduction- moving a part away from midline
Hyperextebsion- extend beyond anatomical position
Extension- increasing the angle at a joint
Flexion- decreasing angle at the joint
Dorsiflexion- flexion of ankle brings foot farther away from shin
Adduction- moving a part towards midline
Circumduction- end of part follows a circular path
Supination- rotation of forearm so that palm is upward of anterior