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Skinny 22 year-old male complaining of cramping and muscle mass loss…
Skinny 22 year-old male complaining of cramping and muscle mass loss
Upstream causes
intense weight-training program for at least an hour for 7 days out of the week, 45 minute run on the treadmill for four out of the seven days
Tight, inflexible muscles
Without flexible muscles, this won't allow the muscles to get a full range of motion, causing these muscles to shorten and become tight which are unstable and weak
inadequate diet
improper mineral intake
loss of calcium, iron, magnesium, and vitamins B-D
little or no resting periods
Doesn't allow for the restoration of the broken muscle fibers to heal
Pros:
Drinking of water to stay hydrated, Staying active
Cons:
No resting period, Drinking too much water, No. intake of electrolytes or glucose
Downstream effects
Rhabdomyolysis
death of muscle fibers
releasing of contents into the bloodstream
kidney failure
irregular heartbeat
cardiac arrest
liver complications
compartment syndrome
tissue damage
blood flow restriction
Vitamin Deficiency
Vitamin A
fat malabsorption, liver disorders, causes rashes and ocular effects
vitamin B12
Nerve problems, fatigue and difficulty thinking
Vitamin D
bones become thin, brittle or misshapen, muscle weakness
increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, asthma and cancer
Vitamin E
disorientation, vision problems, muscle weakness
Vitamin K
defective coagulation and potential bleeding
Iron
low levels of red blood cells
anemia
NERD
Background
connective tissue
Perimysium
Another layer of dense irregular connective tissue around each fascicle that provides protection and support but to each bundle of muscle fiber
Epimysium
layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surround the whole skeletal muscle for protection and support
Endomysium
Areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber , these are more delicate coverings to electrically insulate the muscle fibers
Tendon
is thick ,cordlike structure composed of dense regular connective tissue
Attach a muscle to either a skeletal component either bone or ligament or to a fascia
Aponeurosis
Thin, flattened sheet of dense regular connective tissue
Attach a muscle to either a skeletal component either bone or ligament or to a fascia
Deep fascia
Separates individual muscles, binds muscles with similar functions
Superficial fascis
Composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue that separates muscle from skin
Sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle fiber
T-tubules
Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma, that extend into the skeletal muscle fiber as a network or narrow membranous tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Volted-gated channels of Na+ and K+, that participate in conducting an electoral signal
Myofibrils
80% of the volume of the skeletal muscle fiber is composed of long and cylindrical structures
composed of bundles of contractile proteins called myofilaments, that are enclosed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
An internal membrane complex, similar to the smooth ER, that stores calcium ions for contraction
Myofilaments
a protein filament that makes up the myofibrils in both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
Thick filaments
Assembled from bundles of myosin protein molecules
Thin filaments
Half the diameter of the thick filaments, composed of actin proteins
Tropomyosin
short, thin, twisted protein, that cover small regions of the actin strands including binding sites in non contracting muscles
troponin
globular or ball like protein that is attached to tropomyosin, contains the building site for Ca2+
Sarcomeres
Myofilaments within myofibrils are arranged into repeating, microscopic cylindrical units
I bands
Extend from both directions of a z disband are bisected by the Z disc, at maximal muscle shortening the thin filaments are pulled parallel along the thick filaments
A band
The central region of the sarcomere that contains the entire thick filament, this band does not change in length during muscle contraction
Z discs
Specialized proteins that are positioned perpendicular to the myofilaments and serve as anchors for thin filaments
H zone
The most central portion on the A band in a Reston sarcomere, during maximal muscle shortening this zone disappears when the thin filaments are pulled past the thick filaments
M line
Thin transverse protein meshwork structure in the center of the H zone, that serves as an attachment site for thick filaments and keeps them aligned during contraction and relaxation
Excitation
Release of ACh from synaptic knob
Calcium binding triggers synaptic vesicles to merge with the synaptic knob playa membrane and ACh is exocytosed into the synaptic cleft
Binding of ACh to ACh receptor at motor end plate
ACh diffuses across the fluid-filled synaptic cleft at the motor end plate to bind with ACh receptors.
Ca2+ entry at synaptic knob
A nerve signal is propagated down a motor axon and triggers the entry of Ca2+ into the synaptic knob
Ca2+ binds to a proteins in synaptic vesicle membrane
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Binding of ACh to ACh receptors in the motor end plate triggers the opening of these chemically gated ion channels
Na+ rapidly diffuses into K+ slowly diffuses out of the muscle fiber
An end-plate potential is produced when sufficient Na+ enters at the motor end plate and the membrane potential changes from -90 mV to -65mV (the threshold)
the EPP initiates an action potential to be propagated along the sarcolemma and t-tubules
First, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ moves in to cause depolarization
Second, voltage-gated K+ moves out to cause repolarization
The action potential is then propagated along the T-tubules to stimulate voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels
Which trigger the opening of Ca2+ release channels located in the terminal cistern of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ diffuses out of the cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol.
Fatigue
The feeling of constant tiredness and or weakness that can be physical, mental or a combination of both
Some symptoms can include:
sore or aching muscles
muscle weakness
dizziness
slowed reflexes or responses
headache
moodiness
Chronic tiredness or sleepiness
appetite loss
reduced immune system function
low motivation
Factors that contribute to fatigue
Lack of sleep
The typical adult needs about 8 hours of sleep, and some try to get by on less than that
Anxiety and stress
Chronically anxious or stressed keeps their body in overdrive with the constant flow of adrenaline cause the exhaustion of the body
Poor Diet
Low Kilojoule diets, low carbohydrate diets or high energy foods that aren't that nutritional don't provide the body with enough nutrients to function the best