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A 12 year old was running and fell forward landing on his right arm…

- - - - abdominal bloating, diarrhea, gas, vomiting, acne
        
        Indirect Causes
        
        weak bones and crohn's disease
  - - - Tooth decay, osteoporosis, obesity, high cholesterol, type 2- diabetes, high blood pressure
        
        Indirect Causes
        
        heart attack, blood clots, cancer
- - - - shaft
        
        tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
      - membranes
        
        periosteum
        
        double layered membrane covering external surfaces
        
        endosteum
        
        membrane covering internal bone surface
      - distal and proximal epiphysis
        
        ends of long bones
    - - bone collar forms around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model
        
        cartilage calcifies in center of diaphysis and develops cavities
        
        the periosteal bud invades internal cavity and spongy bone forms
        
        diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms
        
        epiphyses ossify.
    - - a hematoma forms
        
        fibrocartilaginous callus forms
        
        bony callus forms
        
        bone remodeling occurs
    - - sex hormone
        
        promote adolescent growth spurts
      - growth hormones
        
        stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
    - - where bone growth occurs
      - found in adult bones
    - - non displaced
        
        ends retain normal position
      - displaced
        
        ends are out of normal position
      - complete
        
        broken all the way through
      - incomplete
        
        not broken all they way through
      - open
        
        skin is penetrated
      - closed
        
        skin is not penetrated
    - - surfaces that form joints
        
        facet
        
        condyle
        
        head
      - depressions and openings for blood vessels and nerves
        
        fissure
        
        foramen
        
        groove
        
        notch
      - projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
        
        line
        
        tubercle
        
        trochanter
        
        epicondyle
        
        crest
        
        spine
        
        tuberosity
        
        process
      - Others
        
        sinus
        
        fossa
        
        meatus
    - - osteoblasts
        
        bone building
        
        immature cells
      - osteocytes
        
        mature cells
      - osteogenic cells
        
        active stem cells
      - osteoclasts
        
        bone resorption
    - - canals and canaliculi
        
        runs through core
      - interstitial and circumferential lamellae
        
        not part of osteon, lie deep to periosteum
      - osteon
        
        structural unit of compact bone
    - - long bones
        
        longer than are wide
        
        limb bones
      - sesamoid bones
        
        bones within tendons
        
        patella
      - irregular bones
        
        complicated shapes
        
        vertebrae and hip bones
      - flat bones
        
        thin, flat and curved
        
        sternum, scapula, ribs and skull bones
      - short bones
        
        cube shaped bones
        
        wrist and ankle
  - - - support
        
        for body and soft organs
      - protection
        
        protects brain, spinal cord, and organs
      - movement
        
        levers for muscle action
      - mineral and growth factor storage
        
        calcium and phosphorus and growth reservoir
      - blood cell formation
        
        hematopoiesis in red bone marrow
      - fat storage
        
        energy storage
      - hormone production
        
        regulates insulin secretion, glucose levels and metabolism
    - - hypocalcemia
        
        low levels of calcium cause hyperexcitability
      - hypercalcemia
        
        high levels of calcium cause unresponsiveness