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12 year old kid Bone fracture (Downstream (compound fracture (high chance…
12 year old kid Bone fracture
upstream cause
dirtect
surgery
major bleeding
open wound
indirect
take pain medications
take antiinflamatory medications
scarring
Downstream
Right elbow seems broken
epiphysial plate still developing/ not yet ossified
fracture to his epiphysial plate
12 years old still developing
part of humerus protruding from the skin
Poor diet for a healthy recovery
non -healthy options of food
low-nutrients
will take longer to recover
compound fracture
high chance of infection
loss of blood
pain
Background
Anatomy
Skeletal cartilage
Growth of cartilage
Interstitial growth
Lacunae bound chondrocytes
Appositional growth
cells in surrounding perichondrium
surrounded by
perichondrium
Dense irregular connective tissue
contains blood vessels nourish cartilage cells
Hyaline Cartilage
Costal cartilages
connect the ribs to sternum
Articular cartilages
Cover the ends of most bones at movable joints
respiratory cartilages
Form larynx and respiratory pathways
Nasal cartilages
which supports the external nose
No nerves or blood vessels
Elastic Cartilage
stretchy elastic fibers
external ear and epiglottis
Primarily of water
Fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers
rows of chondrocytes
Found in intervertebral disc and knee
Flexible extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix made by chondroblast
Endochodral ossification
Appendicular Skeleton
shoulder bones
Upper and lower limbs and the girdles
hip bones
Bone
osteocytes in lacunae
blood vessels and nerves throughout
Rigid extracellular matrix
Surrounded by periosteum
osteogenic cells
Appositional growth only
Long bone
Diaphysis
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Spongy bone
Endosteum
Red marrow
Epiphysis
compact bone
Periosteum
spongy bone
trabeculae
epiphyseal line
bone shapes
Flat bone
sternum
thin, flattened and usually a bit curved
Irregular bone
vertebra
odd shape
Short bone
talus
same size length and width
long bone
longer than they are wide
humerus
Intersitial lamella
osteon
peforating canal
central canal
lacuna
canaliculus
osteocyte
concentric lamella
Intramembranous ossification
Axial Skeleton
vertebral column
skull
rib cage
parathyroid hormone
produced by the parathyroid glands
Calcitonin (hormone)
Produced by parafollicular cell
fracture classification
complete
broken through
incomplete
no broken all the way through
displaced
bone ends out of normal alignment
open(compound)
bond end penetrating out of skin
nondisplaced
bone ends normal position
Closed(Simple)
if bone end is not penetrating out of skin
bone disorders
osteroporosis
hard bones
osteomalacia
soft bones
pagets disease
weak bones
rickets
non calcify bones
physiology
Skeletal cartilage
Growth of Cartilage
Expands cartilage within
Chondrocyte divide and secrete new matrix
Perichondrium
Resistant to outward expansion
Hyaline cartilage
Provide support with flexibility and resilience
Elastic cartilage
Stands up to repeated bending
Fibrocartilage
highly compressible with great tensile strength
subjected to pressure and stetch
axial skeleton
Protect vital organs
support
Bone
Mineral storage
reservoir for calcium and phosphate
Support
supports body and cradles soft organs
Hormone production
Produce osteocalcin
helps regulate insulin
Blood cell fortmation
hematopoiesis
Anchorage
attach bones to tendons
triglyceride (fat) storage
fat, source of energy
stored in yellow marrow
Protection
skull protects brain
vertebrae protects spinal cord
ribs protect vital organs
osteoprogenitor cell
stem cell makes new cells
osteocyte
monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
osteroblast
responsible for bone growth
osteoclast
bone-resorbing cell
appendicular skeleton
allow body to move
support
endochondral ossification
within cartilage
beginning in second month of development
cartilage calcifies
Periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification
from mesenchymal cells
cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblast
osteoblast secrete osteoid
forming of immature spongy bone
trabeculae are remodeled and replaced with compact bone
eventually filled with red marrow
calcifies in a few days
trapped osteoblast become osteocyte
forming ossification center
parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone
Calcitonin
regulate blood calcium levels
healing bone fracture
hematoma forms
fibrocartilaginous
bony callus forms
bone remodeling occurs
bone disease
osteoporosis
bone mass declines
bones become fraglie
osteomalacia
poor minieralized bones
calcium salts are not adequately deposited
pagets disease
irregular bone thickenings
filling marrow cavity with pagetic bone
rickets
epiphyseal plate does no calcify
bones become enlarged