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populations and ecosystems (Structure of ecosystems (Species composition #…
populations and ecosystems
Plants and their habitats
Biotic components
Other plant species
whichever species is less adapted to the environment is eliminated
If certain resources are removed others do not benefit from the unused one
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Competition between two individual makes them harder to survive and grow in that environment
Organisms other than plants
Commensalism and mutualism occur between the plants and other organisms which is beneficial
Some of the fungi and bacteria are pathogens which will harm the plants causing different diseases
Animals, fungi and prokaryotes are important biotic aspect
The plant itself
example- pine need more sunlight and free place but the mature pine itself shade their small plants which mad them difficult to grow
They altered their habitat to their own detriment by enriching it
Plant itself when changes their habitat may be beneficial or harmful for them
Abiotic components
Soil factors
After many years thick soil forms with a distinct profile
Old soil contains much nutrients as it absorbs fro dead and decaying matters around it
Initial soils are called pioneers, that are lack in macro and micro nutrients
Latitude and altitude
In Arctic and Antarctic mid summer days are 24 hour long
So, plants should have the adaptations for those type of unusual day and night timing as well as the temperature
Higher latitudes to north and south, summer days become progressively longer
Climate
The average temperature of habitat is not that important as its extremes
Tolerance range varies from species to species
Critically important to all organisms
Disturbance
They produce as significant radial change in the ecosystem
These disturbances will not only kill plants but also the pollinators, herbivores, fungi and beneficial bacteria
Phenomenon such as fires, landslide, snow, floods
Structure of population
Age distribution: demography
Intrinsic rate of natural increase
Generation time matters the growth and developement
r-selected and k-selected
r-selected
Survivor seeds from fire, flood will grow and migrate with the help of animals, wind
Eg-: coastal dunes plants
Disturbance usually produce r-selected
k-selected
Face intense competition from other plant species
Eg-: long lived conifers like Douglas firs, bristle cone pines
Condition found in crowded habitat
Geographic distribution
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Boundaries of the geographic range
Limiting factor determines the health of the plant
Desert plants grow rapidly if given more water but they cannot adapt to moist habitat
Local geographic distribution
Random distribution
Clumped distribution, spacing between plants are either large or small
Niches in the jet age
Example of plant fungus mutualism is known to be important in the case of mycorrhizal
the non plant organisms add a great deal of complexity to a plants habitat
A set of condition in which particular species can thrive
Structure of ecosystems
Species composition
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Depends on climate, soil quality, plants tolerance capacity
large number of species actually creates more niches
Number and diversity of species that coexist
Trophic levels
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Primary consumer, secondary consumer and the decomposer are part of tropic level
plants are autotrophs, they provide food to the primary consumer
Basically a feeding level
Temporal structure
Time span can vary from a day to decades
Most ecosystem undergo gradual, often dramatic change
Change that an ecosystem undergoes with time constitute
Physiognomic structure
Physical shape and size of organism and their distributions
Similar climatic condition have similar physiognomic structure unless the quality of soil is different
Trees, shrubs and herbs are most useful categories
