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The injury occurred when he was running and fell forward, landing on his…

- - - - responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown
        
        mainly made of collagen—and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts.
        
        found on bone
        
        bone surfaces,
        
        multinucleated
        
        originate from monocytes
        
        macrophages
      - primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell.
      - located
        
        lacuna
      - steoblasts and osteocytes are incapable of mitosis, then how are they replenished when old ones die
    - - bone cell responsible for forming new bone
        
        found in the growing portions of bone,
        
        periosteum
        
        endosteum.
        
        do not divide
        
        synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts
    - - osteogenic cells are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide.
        
        Immature osteogenic cells
        
        deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow.
  - - - compact bone
        
        80% of bone mass
        
        Appears white, smooth, and solid
    - - rabecular and spongy bone.
        
        Located internal to compact bone
        
        Appears porous
        
        20% of bone mass
  - - - longitudinal axes
      - A long bone has two parts
        
        diaphysis
        
        tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone
        
        medullary cavity
        
        yellow marrow
        
        delicate membranous lining called the endosteum
        
        where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.
        
        walls of the diaphysis
        
        composed of dense and hard compact bone
        
        outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum
        
        The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.
        
        Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the periosteum.
        
        epiphysis
        
        filled with spongy bone.
        
        Red marrow fills the spaces
        
        metaphysis, the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate
        
        bone stops growing in early adulthood
        
        cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue
        
        articular cartilage
        
        a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.
    - - equal in width and length
    - - variety in shape, connected to other bones
    - - round like bones
    - - sutures
    - - plates like bones with broad surfaces
        
        diploë (spongy bone)
        
        lined on either side by a layer of compact bone
  - - - step 1
        
        development of ossification center
      - step 2
        
        calcification of bone
      - step 3
        
        formation of trabecular
      - step 4
        
        development of compact bone
    - - replacing hyaline cartilage.
      - cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone.
      - five steps
        
        1)Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes
        
        2)The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form.
        
        3) Capillaries penetrate cartilage. Perichondrium transforms into periosteum. Periosteal collar develops. Primary ossification center develops.
        
        4)Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at ends of the bone.
        
        5)Secondary ossification centers develop.
        
        Cartilage remains at epiphyseal (growth) plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage.
  - - - a broken bone
        
        closed reduction
        
        broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery,
        
        Open reduction
        
        requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone.
      - types
        
        Transverse
        
        Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
        
        The break is in a straight line across the bone.
        
        Oblique
        
        Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
        
        Spiral
        
        Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
        
        Oblique
        
        Diagonal break across the bone.
        
        Compression
        
        The bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance.
        
        Comminuted
        
        The break is in three or more pieces and fragments are present at the fracture site.
        
        Segmental
        
        The same bone is fractured in two places, so there is a "floating" segment of bone.
- - - - It forms the upper part of the elbow and is the spool around which the forearm bends and straightens.
    - - It glides up and down the front of the distal humerus when you bend your arm and rotates around the ulna when you turn your wrist up or down.
    - - he part of the ulna that
  - - - Symptoms
        
        intense pain and can prevent you from moving your elbow.
        
        Swelling over the "tip" or back of the elbow
        
        Bruising around the elbow. Sometimes, this bruising travels up the arm towards the shoulder or down the forearm towards the wrist.
        
        Tenderness to the touch
        
        Numbness in one or more fingers
        
        Pain with movement of the elbow or with rotation of the forearm
        
        A feeling of instability in the joint, as if your elbow is going to "pop out."
  - - - Applying ice to reduce pain and swelling
      - Medications to relieve pain
- - - - Open (compound) fracture.
        
        Open (compound) fracture. The bone breaks through the skin. Or the skin has a deep wound that exposes the bone.