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KIN 261 MIDTERM Health is a state of complete physical, mental and…

- - - - Believe social stratification arises from 3 interrelated factors - this is where it departs from marx
        
        Power
        
        political resources
        
        Prestige
        
        social status + resources
        
        respect, privileges, and honours given to members of a particular status group
        
        Property
        
        economic and material resources
    - - Social Closure
        
        the way power is exercised to exclude outsiders from the privileges of social membership
        
        status groups wield power over other groups
        
        access to status group is limited in order to maintain prestige
      - Medical Dominance
        
        the power medical profession has in controlling its own work and other health workers and influence over health policy and hospital organization
        
        like a puppet master
        
        factors influencing doctors dominance
        
        professionalization of other healthcare workers such as nurses and therapists
        
        consumers of health care are becoming increasingly well-educated, pro active and skeptical of medical authority
      - Social Stratification
        
        status groups include professional, ethnic or religious groups
        
        group members have specific unique qualities, ualifications or skills
        
        different status levels have different amount of prestige
        
        different levels of prestige results in different salaries, privileges, working conditions and control over working conditions
      - Rationalization
        
        Society's move towards increased regulation
        
        standardization of social life through rules and regulations, policies and protocols
        
        states the response to conflict is more rules in the name of efficiency
        
        Mcdonaldization is making everything more uniform in the name of efficiency
        
        emphasis on reason, logic, and intellect
        
        devaluation of emotion and nurturing
    - - Max Weber (influenced by Karl Marx)
  - - - Mind and Body practice
        
        yoga, meditation,acupuncture, tai chi, feldenkrais
      - Natural Products
        
        herbs, vitamins,probiotics
    - - now liscensed in all of Canada and USA and estimated 1 in 3 ppl with back pain to be treated with chiropractic care
      - 1885
        
        Daniel David Palmer adjusted the vertebrae of a deaf man and restored his hearing
        
        distinguished practice from bone setting, faith healers, and biomedicine
        
        attacks from the med field and chiropractors outside of Kansas (1913) and Louisiana (1974) charged violating medical act
      - 1963
        
        American Medical Association creates committee on quackery
      - 1976
        
        5 chiropractors brought a suit against AMA and allies (American college of radiology and American college of surgeons
      - 1987
        
        AMA and allies found guilty of conspiracy against chiropractors and in violation of anti-trust laws
        
        Chiro now most used CAM at 11%
- - - - persistant communicable diseases
        
        tuberculosis, STDs, HIV/AIDS, Ebola
      - mental illness (some)
        
        depression, anxiety, schizo
      - Noncommunicable diseases
        
        diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, lupus
      - ongoing impairments in structure or function
        
        deaf, blind however many are contested
    - - Social Experience
        
        illness is the subjective response to the disease including how ppl perceive, experience, make sense of and respond to disease
        
        social experience of illness is shaped by many contextual and individual factors including age, gender and social class
        
        disease refers to a biophysical condition with a specific diagnosis
        
        different ppl could have the same disease but experience/perceive it differently
      - Social Construction of illness
        
        different conditions added to DSM 5
        
        through social interactions we start to understand some things as a disease instead of variation in human population
        
        we socially construct the definition of health and illness
        
        assign different meanings to different diseases based on assumptions about the underlying cause
  - - - belief that humans act on the basis of meaning not instinct
      - meanings arise out of interactions between social actors
      - social order created by ppl as they interact with each other and reinforce certain meanings and types of interactions
      - we develop our sense of self/identity through interactions with other
      - words/behaviours/labels have meanings which constrain peoples identities and experiences of inclusion/exclusions
    - - Social construction
        
        based on the idea that ppl actively construct reality it is not natural or inevitable
        
        The notions of normal/abnormal, right/wrong, health/illness are subjective human creations and should be considered universal or unchanging
      - Stigma
        
        Implications
        
        Reduces individuals life chance!!
        
        Done unconsciously
        
        Contributes to various forms of discrimination
        
        Types
        
        stigma of race, nation, religion
        
        traits with negative associations or stereotypes passed through generations
        
        stereotypes labeling certain ethnic groups as lazy, dirty or dumb
        
        blemishes of character
        
        individual is weak willed, dishonest, has natural passions or other undesirable character traits
        
        mental illness, addictions, homosexuality, radical political beliefs
        
        Abominations of the body
        
        physical characteristics that are deemed to be deformities, unnatural and undesirable
        
        physical disabilities, obesity, visible illness, disease,tattoos,over counter culture body mods
    - - George Mead
      - Erving Goffman
      - Herbert Blumer
- - - - concerned with power inequity stemming from gender relations
        
        Structural power
        
        formal structures and institutions in society systematically privilege one gender over another
        
        laws and income
        
        relational power
        
        through relationships and interactions one gender may experience more privilege than another
        
        who is heard, who makes decisions
        
        sociocultural power
        
        different genders favoured over others
        
        preference to have a son over a daughter
      - concerned with redressing gender inequity (call to action)
    - - Patriarchy
        
        system of power including social institutions which functions to make women and children inferior and privilege men
        
        also can privilege some men more than others and some women more than others
      - Hegempnic Masculinities and Femininity
        
        refers to the qualities we deem manly or womanly
        
        qualities we assume a man or women are supposed to posses in order to be considered a man or woman
      - Intersectionality
        
        the idea that one needs to examine how various biological, cultural and social categories interact on multiple levels leading to oppression and inequality
      - Sex and gender
        
        Sex - the multidimensional biological construct that encompasses anatomy, physiology, genes and hormones which together affect how we are treated in the world
        
        gender- a multidimensional social construct that is culturally based and historically specific and thus constantly changing, the socially constructed categories of feminine and masculine
    - - bell hooks, Audrey lorde
  - - - Gender Expression
        
        how a person demonstrates or performs gender identity
        
        ex//prounouns, body language, clothing, body mods
        
        affect safety in public spaces and health spaces like violence, microaggressin, bathroom exclusion)
      - Sexual Identity
        
        who a person is attracted to (LGBTQQIP2SA+)
        
        Heteronormativity
        
        social roles and social structures that reinforce the idea that heterosexuality is the norm and superior to other sexual orientations and identities
        
        Heterosexism
        
        a system of attitudes, bias and discrimination in favour of opposite sex sexuality and relationships
        
        access to sexual and reproductive care and leave ppl vulnerable to heteronormative assumptions
      - Gender identity
        
        how a person thinks of themselves identifying as a man, women, or non binary etc.
        
        influences access to quality care
  - - - risk taking is linked to masculinity
    - - middle years masculinity
        
        working years -men construct masculinity in relation to work/income
      - masculinity in older years
        
        as men age illness becomes more common
        
        harder to sustain hegemonic masculine ideals
        
        leaving career/work can result in loss of identity
      - Youth masculinity
        
        learning to partake in physical risk, aggression and strength
- - - - Key Assumptions
        
        society survives since member share some common beliefs, norms and values
        
        a normal state is when ppl agree and fulfill their functions
        
        social change is stable and slow
        
        when society does not fulfill functions it as an abnormal or pathological state
      - Key Concepts
        
        The sick role
        
        developed by Talcott Parsons
        
        describes how social order is maintained when ppl are sick
        
        illness is conceived as deviance that threatens smooth operation
        
        to minimize disruptions sick individuals have certain rights and obligations
        
        Rights- exempt from social roles
        
        Responsibilities- sick person must try to get well and seek medical help and follow advice/cooperate
      - Key Theorists
        
        Talcott Parsons
        
        Robert Merton
        
        Emile Durkheim
      - Limits of the sick role
        
        what if the sick person can't get well
        
        not all "help" for illness is considered legitimate (ex sound bowl healing lol)
        
        only applies when sick ppl are not responsible for their sickness (ex a hangover is not legitimate)
    - - Key Assumptions
        
        conflict present in every society
        
        some groups benefit at the cost of others
        
        Power and resources are distributed equally
        
        Society is always changing
      - Key Concepts
        
        social stratification social inequality
        
        different groups have different access to material goods and other resources
        
        groups maintain their power and protect their resources
        
        unequal access results in illness and health
        
        health care, healthy environment, healthy foods, healthy behaviours
      - Key Theorists
        
        Karl Marx
        
        Friedrich Engels
  - - - Specific Etiology
        
        each variable will affect body in uniform/predictable ways
        
        universal cures/treatments are possible
        
        specific cause or origin for each specific disease
        
        views the body as a machine of interrelated parts which can be treated, replaced or repaired
    - - Reductionism and Biological determinism
        
        Focus on increasingly small units of the body (organs/cells)
        
        specialists
        
        assuming biology=health status
      - Objectification and medical scientism
        
        Repairing broken "parts leads to objectification of patients
        
        they are treated like cases and subjective experience is ignored
      - Fallacy of specific etiology
        
        disease causation is more complex than model implies
        
        disease is a consellation of multiple factors
      - Victim Blaming
        
        blaming individuals for what happened to them
        
        seen as an individual responsibility which can be controlled or prevented
        
        poor health=poor choices
    - - Cartesian Mind /Body Dualism
        
        Brain exists in physical body and mind in spiritual realm
        
        disease and illness seen as situated in the body
        
        Mind/body interact but they are separate entities
        
        ignores subjective aspects of illness
        
        17th century Rene Descartes "I think therefore I am"
        
        body= medical mind=religious authority
  - - - Societal construction
        
        definitions of health and illness vary over time from culture to culture
        
        notions of health and illness are not static facts but social constructions that reflect culture, politics and morality
      - societal organization of health care
        
        how society organizes, funds and utilizes health services
        
        has been developed to support and deliver western medicine
      - Societal Production/distribution
        
        illnesses are sometimes the result of material conditions
        
        unequal distribution of wealth and income are important determinants of health
    - - swings too far and strays away from the biological causes of disease and illnesss
      - solutions proposed are complex and difficult to implement
      - biomedical is more direct and rapid
    - - Social Determinants of health
        
        Social Factors
        
        health care, money, education
        
        Cultural Factors
        
        diet, hygiene
        
        Environmental Factors
        
        housing, food security, pollution
    - - focuses on the social patterns of health and illness and societal level of health determinants
      - draws primarily on health sociology rather than medicine
      - health or lack there of is a result of ones social context and are socially experienced
      - concentrates on societal factors that are risk imposing or illness inducing
      - highlights health inequalities between social groups based on class, gender, ethnicity, race and occupation