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Genetics (Monohybrid Crosses (F1 (First Filial generation) (interbreed (F2…
Genetics
Monohybrid Crosses
sexual reproduction
cross
#
single character is analyzed
other inheritance not considered
parental generation
parents
F1 (First Filial generation)
offspring of crossbreeding
interbreed
F2 generation
homozygous
2 identical alleles for gene
HH
Heterozygous
2 different alleles for gene
Hh
incomplete dominance
neither parental trait dominates
own pollen to fertilize own eggs
"Selfing"
can also be done with another plant of same genotype
punnet square
understand results of cross
Test cross
complete dominance
pure-bred lines
multiple alleles
polymorphic
3:1
Dihybrid Crosses
2 genes are studied
position of gene on chromosome
independent assortment
#
2 genes on a separate chrom.
alleles of one gene move independently of the other
9:3:3:1
crossing over
two genes are located far apart on same chromo.
greater the possibility for crossing over to occur
prophase 1
recombinant chromosomes
last two
parental type chromosomes
first two
Mutations
#
mutagen
chemicals
UV
X-ray
radiations
many are man-made
any change no matter how large or small in DNA
smallest change
point mutation
single base converted to another base
piece of DNA lost
deletion
short regions of self-comp. sequence
Transposable elements
insertion sequences
few thousand bp long
transposons
longer and carries genes code for proteins not assoc. with transposition
addition of extra DNA
insertion
put backwards after repair
inversion
effects
spacer dna between two genes
no effect
in exon
gene code for protein whose AS is disrupted
protein cannot function
insertion
#
gene code for protein so long
cannot fold properly
promoter regions
can inactive gene
point mutation
#
could cause formation of new start codon
always harmful
Somatic
non sex-cells
might never result in an altered phenotype
Replication of DNA
forms bubble
"Replicon"
Primer RNA
10 nucleotides long
substrate for
DNA polymerase
adds deoxyribonucleotides to 3' end
semiconservative replication
#
chromosome
single dna double helix
as dna uncoils
replication fork
now each piece is ligated
covalent bonds
multiple genes
epistasis
multiple genes for each trait
quantitative trait loci
complex crosses
pleiotropic effects
multiple phenotype effects of one mutation
protein portion phytochrome
afffects all developmental processes
Other Inheritance Aspects
maternal inheritance
biparental inheritance
alleles of bother parents are transmitted equally
uniparental inheritance
sperm cell loses most cytoplasm
only sperm nucleus enters egg
all plastid and mitochondrion genomes come from mother
mitochondrion
hundreds in cells
several circles of DNA
plastid
variegation
pollen parent
ovule parent
lethal alleles
#
can kill when present
recessive
difficult to detect
polyploid
2+ sets of chromosome
can occur by nondisjunciton
paralogs
