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CONSONANTS (According to the Manner of Articulation is determined by the…
CONSONANTS
According to the Manner of Articulation
is determined by the type of obstruction
OCCLUSIVE-CONSTRICTIVE
[tʃ, dʒ]
a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction
OCCLUSIVE
[p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ]
the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth
CONSTRICTIVE
[f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, h]
[w, r, l, j]
the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator, so the air passage is constricted
ROLLED
[not in English]
According to the Place of Articulation
is determined by the active organs of speech against the point of articulation
LABIAL
:star:
are made by the lips
BILABIAL
[p, b]
both lips are active
LABIO-DENTAL
[f, v]
the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth
LINGUAL
:star:
BACKLINGUAL velar
[k, g, ŋ]
are produced with the back part of the tongue
MEDIOLINGUAL palatal
[ j ]
are produced with the front part of the tongue. Palatal.
FORELINGUAL
are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue
INTERDENTAL
[ð, θ]
ALVEOLAR
[t, d, z, s, n, l]
POST-ALVEOLAR
[r]
PALATO-ALVEOLAR
[ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ]
DENTAL
GLOTTAL [h] :star:
is articulated in the glottis
According to the Degree of Noise
SONORANTS
[m, n, w, l, r, j, ŋ]
tone prevailing over noise because of rather wide air passage
NOISE CONSONANTS
According to the Work of the Vocal Cords :star:
VOICED
[b, d, g, v, z, ʒ, ð, dʒ]
the vocal cords are brought together and vibrate
VOICELESS
[p, t, k, f, s, h, θ, ʃ, tʃ]
the vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate
According to the Force
of Articulation :star:
WEAK
[b, d, g, v, z, ð, ʒ, dʒ]
are produced with a relatively weak breath effort
STRONG
[p, t, k, f, s, h, θ, ʃ, tʃ]
are produced with more muscular energy and stronger breath effort
According to the Position
of the Soft Palate
NASAL
[m, n, ŋ]
ORAL [other]