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The diversity of Life (Creation of Ecosystems (Types of relationships…
The diversity of Life
Creation of Ecosystems
Only 10% passed on
Predators (top trophic level) first to die if ecosystem under stress
Also tend to be biggest
They are dynamic equilibirums
Re-succession of Islands is chaotic as random species arrive not ordered
Types of relationships
Prey-Predator relationship
Symbiotic
Keystone species
Increases from poles to tropic
Energy-stability-area theory
Area
More area = more niches
more space for organisms
10x area = 2x species
Energy
More Biomass
Can support more trophic levels
Stability
More niches created
Species can specialise in a niche
More relationships can form
Selection pressures stay constant
Violent nature, resilient life
Superorganism: organisms that act as one (ants)
5 Mass extinction events
Ordovician
Devonian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceous
30 mil years to recover
A phylum has never gone extinct
Re-succession always occurrs
Chronospecies: extinct species
Biodiversity rising
Patterns of evolution
Vertical
Speciation
Occurs due to vertical evolution
Results in AR
quick speciation = weak species
Complete AR
Over time species becomes specialised for a niche/specific selection pressures
Creates strong species unlikely to be displaced unless selection pressures change
Convergent evolution
Rate of AR depends on
Ecological opportunity
Genetic redundancy
size of orgnanism
first come likely to dominate
rate of habitat change
Hybrids
created by polyploidy
Hybrid vigour
Can survive in two types of selection pressures
Can also be weaker cuz not specific to one environment
Reinforced reproduction
Organisms don't waste energy mating with other species (risky)
More plant hybrids
Can survive polyploidy issues through vegetative propagation
Measurements of diversity
Alpha: species
Beta: rate species change
Gamma: species across all habitats
Levels of Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Community
Guild
Species
Organism
Gene
Why are insects so diverse
size
Wings
Genetic redundancy
Metamorphosis
Death of Biodiversity/Ecosystems
Immigration vs extinction rate
Population size = longevity of species
Inbreeding depression
Human impact
How?
Overkill
Fishing
Habitat destruction
Deforestation
Agriculture
Disease introuction
Create hotspots
Climate change
S=CA^z
Resolution
1) Survey Biodiversity
2) Create Biological wealth
Turtles, beans
3) Promote sustainable development
Finance, regeneration, no over-abuse of nature
4) Save what remains
Hotspot conservation
5) Synthetic habitats?
Genetic engineering