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Genetics (Mutations (Effects (Dependencies (Position, extent, Nature), Out…

- - - - Position
      - extent
      - Nature
    - - To add, even fewer are beneficial
  - - - Gene in a leaf primordium cell undergoing mutation, but leaves are not involved in sexual reproduction
  - - - Deletion of certain "strands" of code
      - Several known causes
        
        One method is due to short regions of sequence
        
        Other methods are similar to above
    - - Caused by many methods
      - If a small piece of foreign DNA is is present after cutting, may be incorporated.
    - - One of the most interesting cause of insertion and deletion mutations
      - Insertion Sequences
        
        A few thousand base pairs long.
        
        Contain code for enzymes involved in cutting DNA
      - Transpoon
        
        Like insertion sequence, usually much longer
        
        Carries genes that code for unrelated proteins
      - Elements must insert into specific areas to have a major effect
  - - - If perfect all the time, every cell would be identical, sexual reproduction would be useless
- - - - When a plant's own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
      - Can also be done by using a genotypically identical plant
    - - Useful in predicting offpsring results
      - Does not represent outcome of any one cross, however.
      - Simple box layout that is as simple or complex as necessary
  - - - Parents in the crossing
    - - Offspring of the crossing
      - Takes on traits of the parents
    - - Identical alleles
      - Happens when both parents cross and, in basic terms, are identical
    - - Non-identical alleles #
      - When neither parental trait dominates the other completely
  - - - Difficult to know what genotype of any plant is with this phenomena
- - - - Formed from crossing-over of homologous alleles
    - - Also known as a centimorgan
      - Each 1% of recombination percentages
      - Assists greatly in creation of a genetic map
  - - - If 2 genes are on separate chromosomes, they move independently of alleles of the other gene
      - If only one trait is considered, it is treated as a monohybrid cross
      - Punnett Squares can be set up after the gametes are known #