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Ch. 16 Genetics (Monohybrid Crosses (complete dominance (example (tall…

- - - - between
        
        to individuals
  - - - reveal genotype
      - cross
        
        plant in question
        
        homozygous recessive plant
    - - homozygous recessives
        
        selfed
      - both
        
        useful
        
        valuable
  - - - tall plant (TT)
        
        T is dominant
      - short plant (tt)
        
        t is recessive
      - cross
        
        Tt and Tt
        
        1:2:1 genotype ratio
        
        3:1 phenotype ratio
  - - - may exist
        
        in
        
        many forms
    - - X2
      - X3
      - X1
      - X4
  - - - single character
        
        example
        
        flower color
      - parents
        
        "parental generation"
      - offspring 2
        
        F2
        
        second filial generation
      - offspring 1
        
        F1
        
        first filial generation
      - symbols
        
        homozygous
        
        RR
        
        two identical
        
        alleles for
        
        a gene
        
        heterozygous
        
        Rr
        
        two different
        
        alleles for
        
        a gene
    - - parental trait
        
        dominates
        
        the other
      - example
        
        red flowers
        
        plus
        
        white flowers
        
        makes
        
        pink flowers
        
        1 more item...
  - - - plant's own pollen
        
        used in
        
        fertilization
      - selfing heterozygotes
        
        produces
        
        three types
        
        of F1
        
        RR
        
        grandparents
        
        rr
        
        grandparents
        
        Rr
        
        parents
    - - Gregor Mendel #
      - 1:2:1 ratio
- - - - tpyes
        
        deletion
        
        piece of DNA
        
        lost
        
        insertion
        
        extra DNA
        
        added
        
        point
        
        single base
        
        converted
        
        inversion
        
        DNA
        
        tangles
        
        breaks
        
        backward
  - - - something that
        
        causes mutations
    - - include
        
        ultraviolet light
        
        X-rays
        
        chemicals
        
        radiation
    - - insertion sequences
      - transpoon
  - - - factors
        
        position
        
        extent
        
        nature
    - - almost always
        
        harmful
      - minority
        
        helpful
  - - - that never lead
        
        to sex cells
    - - to
        
        offspring
  - - - to have
        
        DNA repair mechanisms
    - - of
        
        errors
        
        base pairs
        
        genes
    - - weak/ineffective
      - extremely efficient
    - - results
        
        in
        
        identical
        
        sperm
        
        egg
        
        nuclei
        
        in
        
        useless
        
        sexual reproduction
        
        no variation
        
        no
        
        selective advantage
- - - - directly proportional
        
        to
        
        physical spacing
        
        on chromosome
      - related
        
        map unit
        
        centimorgan
  - - - on separate
        
        chromosomes
      - alleles of
        
        one gene
        
        move independently
        
        of alleles
        
        in other
        
        gene
  - - - occur close
        
        on chromosome
        
        linkage
        
        do not
        
        undergo
        
        independent assortment
        
        during
        
        1 more item...
    - - not close
        
        on chromosome
        
        cross-over
        
        may occur
      - related
        
        recombinant chromosomes
        
        parental type chromosome
  - - - analyzed
        
        simultaneously
- - - - multiple genes
        
        for
        
        each trait
  - - - progeny
        
        hundreds
        
        thousands
    - - phenotype
        
        correlated
        
        to gene
  - - - phenotype effects
        
        of
        
        one mutation
- - - - of
        
        mutation
        
        varies
        
        undetectable
        
        lethal
    - - can
        
        kill plant
      - fatal
        
        only if
        
        present in
        
        homozygous condition
      - most often
        
        recessive
    - - to detect
  - - - all plants
        
        more than
        
        two sets
        
        of chromosomes
      - change in
        
        chromosome number
        
        by
        
        nondisjunction
    - - similar to
        
        wild-type
        
        allele
      - deleterious mutations
        
        not
        
        eliminated quickly
        
        spread quickly
    - - multiple copies
        
        of
        
        paralogs
        
        of genes
  - - - alleles
        
        of parents
        
        transmitted
        
        equally
        
        to progeny
    - - zygote
        
        obtains
        
        plastids
        
        mitochondrion genome
        
        from
        
        maternal parent
        
        uniparental inheritance
        
        maternal inheritance
      - in
        
        plants
        
        animals
    - - difficult
        
        to study
    - - between
        
        achlorophyllous
        
        plant
        
        green
        
        chlorophyll
        
        plant
        
        outcome
        
        depends
        
        on
        
        pollen parent
        
        ovule parent
      - variegation
        
        presence of
        
        spots
        
        sectors
        
        of
        
        white
        
        green
        
        red
        
        caused by
        
        plastid inheritance
- - - - inheritance
    - - gene
        
        sequence of
        
        DNA nucleotides
        
        guides construction
        
        of
        
        RNA
        
        proteins
    - - identical organisms
    - - in multiple forms
        
        alleles
        
        different
        
        sequence
        
        arise by
        
        mutation
        
        occur in
        
        individual
        
        gradual
        
        1 more item...
    - - genotype
        
        type of alleles
        
        single individual
        
        has
      - phenotype
        
        expression of
        
        mutations
        
        size
        
        shape
        
        metabolism
      - vary
  - - - sexual
        
        offspring different
        
        different
        
        DNA
        
        alleles
        
        progeny
        
        can be
        
        better adapted
        
        large degree
        
        of
        
        risk
        
        chance
      - asexual
        
        offspring identical
        
        same
        
        DNA
        
        alleles
        
        progeny
        
        never more
        
        fit
        
        than parent
        
        not adapted
        
        to
        
        different environments
- - - - S phase
        
        of
        
        cell cycle
        
        3 to 10 hours
      - doubles DNA
      - chromatin
        
        less compact
        
        DNA
        
        does not
        
        release
        
        from histones
      - DNA double helix
        
        cut
        
        separete
        
        form bubble
        
        replicon
        
        free nucleotides
        
        diffuse
        
        ribonucleotides
        
        polymerized
        
        into short pieces
        
        1 more item...
      - primer RNA
        
        acts as
        
        substrates
        
        for
        
        DNA sythesizing enzyme
        
        DNA polymerase
      - DNA polymerase
        
        adds deoxyribonucleotides
        
        on end of
        
        primer RNA
        
        open DNA
        
        as guide
        
        semiconservative replication
        
        only adds
        
        to
        
        3'
      - chromosomes
        
        one
        
        DNA double helix
        
        replication
        
        initiated
        
        in sites
        
        thousands
        
        hundreds
      - DNA uncoils
        
        fork appearance
        
        replication fork
        
        ligation