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C1: Atomic Structure (Separating Mixtures (Compounds (Have a fixed…
C1: Atomic Structure
Separating Mixtures
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Mixtures
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Can be separated physically by either filtration, crystallisation, distillation, or chromotography
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Flitration-Used to separate insoluble substances from soluble ones in a solvent e.g. sand and saltwater
Crystallisation- Used to separate
a solid that has dissolved in a liquid and made a solution using heat.
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The History of the Atom
John Dalton- Suggested that substances were made up of atoms similar to tiny hard spheres. He also suggested that each element had its own atoms that differed from others in mass.
He believed these atoms could not be split and the atoms re-arranged themselves in chemial reactions.
J.J. Thomson-Discovered the electron by doing experiments on beams of particles. The particles were attracted to positive charge meaning they had to be negatively charged.
He said that the electrons were were in a cloud of positive charge. This is called the plum pudding model.
Geiger, Marsden and Rutherford- Geiger and Marsden fired alpha particles at gold foil but instead of the particles passing straight through like they expected they scattered.
Rutherford suggested that the positive charge was at a central point and the electrons were orbiting the nucleus.
Niels Bohr- He proposed that the electrons must be orbiting the nucleus at set distances called shells or energy levels.
Ions, Atoms and Isotopes
Atoms that gain electrons form negative ions, atoms that lose electrons form positive ions.
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Atoms
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All atoms are made up of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) with electrons orbiting around it
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Structure of the Atom
Proton-relative charge +1, relative mass 1
Neutron-relative charge 0, relative mass 1
Electron-relative charge -1, relative mass 0
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