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IST (L2. Defining interactive narratives (Affordances digital media…

- - - - Effectance
      - Autonomy
      - Usability
    - - Agency as resistance
      - Absence of agency
      - Agency as free will
  - - - Criteria of interactivity
        
        Selectivity
        
        Responsiveness
        
        Directionality
        
        Awareness
      - Three factor affecting the degree of interactivity
        
        Depth
        
        human-likeness of the interaction
        
        Choice
        
        agency - the ability to take meaningful action
        
        perceived completeness - as much choice as the interactor can imagine.
        
        Speed
        
        of system response
  - - - Character- centric approach
      - Hybrid approach
      - Author-centric approach
- - - - Key ingredients: Intentional actions of characters
      - Key ingredients: Events
        
        Causality
        
        Intentionality
        
        Space
        
        Agent
        
        Time
  - - - Camera angle
      - Pointing / looking
      - Linguistic cues
- - - - Emotional engagement
      - Narrative understanding
      - Attentional focus
      - Narrative presence
    - - 4 dimensions
        
        Emotional engagement
        
        Mental imagery
        
        Attention
        
        Transportation into the story world
    - - 3 features
        
        Closely connected to identification and mental imagery
        
        When transported, receivers of the narrative lose track of reality in a physiological sense
        
        Receivers process narratives actively
- - - - System 1
      - System 2
    - - Dolf Zillmann’s Exemplification Theory
    - - Paradigmatic: evidence-based arguments
      - Narrative: situation-based exemplars
  - - - Do not add things that did not happen
      - Do not deceive
    - - rely on contexts for their meanings
        
        Narrative-based exemplars
        
        Evidence-based arguments
      - introduces differing levels of accuracy
        
        External realism
        
        Narrative realism
        
        representative
    - - Minimize harm.
      - Act independently.
      - Seek truth and report it.
      - Be accountable and transparent.
    - - clearly distinguish
      - clearly disclose all material conditions; full disclosure and transparency
      - common objective of truth; serving the public
      - treat consumers fairly
      - never compromise consumers’ personal privacy
  - - - Narrative realism
      - Representativeness
      - External realism
- - - - Flow
      - Presence
        
        social presence
        
        self presence
        
        spatial presence
    - - Role-identification
      - Curiosity (possibly followed by surprise)
      - Suspense
      - Believability (of plot and characters)
  - - - local
      - global
- - - - Internal focalization: narrator= character
      - External focalization: character knows more than the narrator
      - Zero focalization: omniscient narrator – narrator knows more than character
    - - Event structure = Sequence of events on a time line
        
        Kernels vs. Satellites
      - Discourse structure -- the order of narrated events (chronological, in medias res, flashbacks, flash forwards)
    - - Intradiegetic narrator: narrator = character
      - Extradiegetic narrator: narrator not character, above the story
- - - - How it works?
        
        Narratives connect with pre-existing mental models. (trigger interests)
        
        Narratives trigger various brain regions.
        
        Narrative structure matches with structure mental models.
        
        Narratives trigger emotions.
        
        Narrative trigger mental imagery
        
        Dual coding theory
    - - Constructivism and active learning
      - Potential problem
        
        Not challenge themselves enough
        
        Get lost in the availability of choices
        
        Loose control over the learning process
        
        cognitive overload
        
        Extraneous
        
        Germane
        
        Intrinsic
      - Potential of:
        
        Adding agency
        
        Personalising learning
        
        Increasing enjoyment
  - - - counter arguing 反驳
      - Selective avoidance选择性回避
      - Psychological reactance 反作用力(smoking more)
    - - Perceived invulnerability 无感
      - Perceived norms
      - Fear: the topic is threatening to them.
      - Inertia惯性： People prefer not to change their current attitudes, behaviors and beliefs.
      - persuasion attempt as a threat to freedom
    - - Learning (healthy) behavior by observing
      - Observer must be motivated to enact the behavior
        
        Outcome expectancies
        
        Self-efficacy