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CHAPTER 6: BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES (6.2 What functions do bones…
CHAPTER 6: BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
6.1 Skeletal Cartilages
primarily of water
no nerves or blood vessels
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
elastic
stretchy elastic fibers
repeated bending
found in external ear and epiglottis (flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow)
fibrocartilage
roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers
occur in sites that are subjected to pressure and stretch
padlike cartilages (menisci) of the knee and the discs between vertebrae
hyaline
support with flexibility and resilience
most abundant
chondrocytes are spherical
fine collagen fibers
articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilages
costal- connects ribs to sternum
respiratory-skeleton of the larynx(voice box) and reinforce other passageways
articular(artic=joint, point of connection)- ends of movable joints
nasal- external nose
surrounded by perichondrium (around the cartilage)
blood vessels nourish the cartilage cells
same components: chondrocytes, enclosed in small cavities(lacunae) within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers
growth
appositional
cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue
interstitial
lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
ends during adolescence when the skeleton stops growing
6.3 How bones are classified
long bones
elongated shape
has a shaft plus two ends
femur, metatarsals
short bones
cube shaped
wrist and ankle
sesamoid bone
form in a tendon
patella (kneecap)
some alter directions of pull of a tendon
others reduce friction and modify pressure on tendons to reduce abrasion and tearing
flat bones
thin, flattened, and slightly curved
sternum(breastbone)
scapulae(shoulder blades)
ribs and most cranial bones
206 bones
axial
long axis of body
skull,vertebral column,rib cage
protect, support, or carry other body parts
appendicular
upper and lower limbs, and gridles (shoulder and hip bones) that attach to the axial skeleton
help us move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment
irregular bones
complicated shapes
vertebrae and hip bones
6.4 Bone structure
gross anatomy
compact and spongy
compact bone
dense, external layer
yellow marrow
spongy bone
internal of compact bone
red marrow
also called trabecular bone
trabeculae(little beams)-a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces
short, irregular, flat bones structure
thin plates of spongy bones(diploe) coverd by compact bone
periosteum-outside compact bone
endosteum- inside compact bone
no shaft or expandable ends
long bone structure
a shaft, bone ends, membranes
diaphysis
medullary cavity
6.2 What functions do bones perform?
blood formation
hematopoiesis
red marrow
leverage/anchorage
bones as levers
walk,grasp objects, and breathe
stores minerals
calcium and phospate
released in bloodstream in ionic form
deposits and withdrawals
protection
skull=brain
vertebrae=spinal cord
rib cage=organs
hormone production
produce osteocalcin
helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure
support
framework
lower limbs=body trunk
rib cage=thoracic wall
fat storage
triglyceride
source energy
yellow marrow(long bones)