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Severe Muscle Cramps/Loss (Skeletal Muscle Anatomy (Cellular Components…
Severe Muscle Cramps/Loss
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
Connective Tissue
Perimysium
Dense Irregular Connective tissue
Surrounds each fascicle; contains network of blood vessels
Epimysium
Dense Irregular Connective tissue
Surrounds the entire muscle; protects and supports
Endomysium
Areolar Connective tissue
Surrounds each muscle fiber; electrically insulate muscle fibers
Tendons
Composed of 3 layers of dense regular CT
Attaches muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle
Chemical Level
Molecules
Glycogen
Glucose intake delayed from breakdown; stored in skeletal muscles
Sodium
Triggers nerve impulses in muscle contraction
Cellular Components
Sarcoplasm
Skeletal muscle Cytoplasm
Maintains calcium ion concentration
Multinucleate
Multiple nuclei
Satellite cells
Mature stem cells
Growth & regeneration of muscle
Sarcolemma
Skeletal muscle plasma membrane
Muscle fibers distinguished
T tubules
Deep invaginations of the sarcolamma
Conducts impulses from the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Internal membrane complex
Calcium ion storage
Organization
Myofilaments
Thick
Composed of 2 strands of actin protein
Thin
Made from bundles of myosin protein molecules
Contractile proteins bundled within myofibrils
Myoblasts
Embryonic muscle cells
Myofibril
Skeletal muscle cells
Fascicle
Multiple muscle fibers bundled together
Muscle
A single muscle composed of thousands of cells
Innervation
Nerves
Neuromuscular Junction
Controls skeletal muscle contraction
Somatic motor neurons
Junction between axon and muscle fiber
Motor neuron transmits to muscle fiber
Blood Supply
Capillaries in endomysium
Site of exchange of substances between blood and muscle
Blood vessels from epimysium and perimysium to the endomysium
Nutrient supply
Muscle Contraction
Sarcolemma, T tubules, & Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Development of end-plate potential(EPP) at the motor end plate
Initiation and propagation of action potential along sarcolemma and T-tubules
Voltage-gated sodium channels open/ sodium moves in = depolarization
Voltage-gated potassium channels open/ potassium moves out = repolarization
Release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Diffuses into cytosol
ACh and ACh receptors bind = triggers opening of chemically gated ion channels
Sodium diffuses into/Potassium diffuses out of muscle fiber
EPP produced when sufficient sodium enters motor end plate
Neuromuscular junction: excitation of skeletal muscle fiber
Calcium entry at synaptic knob
Nerve signal is propagated down motor axon & triggers entry
Release of ACh from synaptic knob
Calcium binding triggers synaptic vesicles to merge with snyaptic knob
Binding of ACh to ACh receptor at motor end plate
ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft to bind with ACh receptors
Sarcomere: Crossbridge Coupling
Calcium binding
Creates conformational change in troponin
Crossbridge formation
Myosin heads bind to actin
Power stroke
Releases ADP & phosphate
Release of myosin head
ATP binds to myosin head
Reset myosin head
ATP is split into ADP & phosphate
Muscle Fatigue Factors
Excitation at the neuromuscular junction
Decreased # of synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters
Insufficient free calcium ions in NMJ to enter synaptic knobs
Limit ability of somatic motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscle
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Change in ion concentration
Prohibiting fibers from conducting action potentials along the sarcolemma
Crossbridge Cycling
Increased phosphate ion concentration
Interference of phosphate release from myosin head
Slows rate of cycling
Decrease amount of calcium ions for release
Less calcium ion binding to troponin
Reduces crossbridge formation; weakening muscle contraction
Reduced ability of a muscle to produce tension due to excessive exercise and decreased glycogen stores
Muscle Fuel/Compounds Needed
Calcium Pump
In sarcoplasmic reticulum
Function through primary active transport
Calcium ions move from cytosol to sarcoplasmic reticulum
Maintains low cytosol levels of calcium
Molecules
Creatine Phosphate
In tissues with large & fluctuating energy needs
Transfers to ADP to ATP
Providing 10-15 secs of energy in maximum exertion
ATP Production
Aerobic Cellular respiration
Oxidation of nutrients
In mitochondria with oxygen
Production of ATP
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
In cytosol; with or without oxygen
Less ATP production; more rapid
Lactate Formation
From pyruvate with low oxygen available
Accumulation causes muscle pain
Changes during exercise
More production of ATP through aerobic cellular respiration
Short Sprint
ATP supplied by transfer of creatine phosphate
Medium run
Creatine phosphate transfer & glycolysis
Long run
Creatine phosphate, glycolysis, & aerobic cellular respiration
Vegan diet; over-hydration
Pros
Consumption of fatty foods/toxins reduced
Cons
Intake of needed nutrients reduced
Daily intense weight training; cardio four times a week
Pros
Bone strength and stamina increase
Cons
Risk of injury
Affected Systems
Immune
Decrease of needed nutrients
Increase to infection
Skeletal
Risk of injury from overuse
Stress fractures; tendonitis
Reproductive
Decrease in testosterone levels
Decreased libido
Excretory
Filtration increase
Kidney failure
Cardiovascular
Thickening & remodeling of heart walls
Risk of heart attack and stroke increased
Result
Vegan Diet
Vital nutrients restricted
Malnutrition
Decrease function of digestive system
Hormonal disuption
Interferes with normal regulation of many body systems
Decrease in iron & zinc
Anemia
Less oxygen in blood
Extreme Hydration
Hyponatremia
Water and sodium imbalance
Water retention
Excessive workouts
Rhadbomyolysis
Fatigue of body systems