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A 12 year old boy has a bone fracture injury that occurred when he was…

- - - - Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
    - - Between diaphysis and epiphysis
      - Where bone growth occurs
    - - Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
      - Consists of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
  - - - Length
        
        Epiphyseal plate thins and becomes bone
        
        Epiphyseal plate closure occurs when epiphysis and diaphysis fuse
        
        Near end of adolescence, chondroblasts divide less often
        
        Bone lengthening ceases around 18 in females and 21 in males
      - Width
        
        Bones thicken in response to increased stress from muscle activity or added weight
        
        Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
        
        Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface
        
        Can occur throughout life
    - - Bone Resoprtion
        
        Is function of osteoclasts
        
        Secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons (H+) that digest matrix
        
        Digested products are released into interstitial fluid and then into blood
        
        Once resorption is complete, osteoclasts undergo apoptosis
        
        Osteoclast activation involves parathyroid hormone and immune T cell proteins
      - Bone Deposition
        
        Is function of osteoblasts
        
        Requires:
        
        Vitamin C
        
        Calcium and phosphate
        
        Vitamin D
    - - Intramembranous ossification
        
        Ossification centers form and become osteoblasts
        
        Osteoid is secreted, then calcified
        
        Woven bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels, resulting in trabeculae
        
        Compact and spongy bone form, and red marrow appears
      - Endochondral ossification
        
        Central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies and dies, then develops cavities
        
        Periosteal bud invades cavities, leading to formation of spongy bone
        
        Diaphysis elongates, and medullary cavity forms
        
        Epiphyses ossify
        
        Bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
  - - - Complete: broken all the way through
      - Incomplete: not broken all the way through
    - - Open(compound): skin is penetrated
      - Closed(simple): skin is NOT penetrated
    - - Nondisplaced: ends retain normal position
      - Displaced: ends are not in normal alignment