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Biochemistry Exam 2 (Membranes (Membrane Transport Proteins (Channels…
Biochemistry Exam 2
Membranes
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Membrane Proteins
Spectrin/Palladin/Ankyrin
Membrane Transport Proteins
Channels
Inactivation
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Capsaicin/hot peppers
Active/Passive transport
Ion Gradients
Neurons/Action Potentials
Mechanism of botulism
Amino Acid Metabolism
Essential/non-essential vitamins
Urea cycle
Reactive oxygen species/anti-oxidants
Glutamate
Arginine/cats
Acetyl CoA/Ketone Bodies
glucose/ketone bodies/insulin levels
Glycogen storage diseases
Lactic acidosis/keto acidosis
O2/CO2 transport
Hemoglobin
Oxygen binding (cooperative)
Bohr effect
Fetal hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Heme/iron
CO2 in blood
O2 saturation curves
Artificial blood
Nitric oxide
Blood Coagulation
Importance
Mechanism
Platelets
Fibrin Fibers/Clots
Extrinsic/Intrinsic Pathways
Coagulation factors
Genetic disorders
Von Willebrand Factor
Vitamin K role/poisons
"Calcium sandwich"
Recycling vitamin K
Restraint/dissolving clots
Thrombin/Thrombomodulin
Plasmin
Vesicle Trafficking
Biogenesis of cytoplasmic organelles
Different organelles
Origins of organelles
Protein sorting
Signal Sequences
Transportation
Gated transport
Nuclear Pores
Transmembrane transport
Mitochondrial TOMs/TIMs
Transport to different organelles
SRP (endoplasmic reticulum)
Glycosylation
Transmembrane proteins in ER (stop signals)
Vesicular transport
Secretory pathway (exocytosis)
Endocytic pathway (endocytosis)
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Coating
SNAREs
Clathrin (coating proteins)
Golgi (trans/cis)
ER/Golgi Forward/Return Pathways
Sorted into 3 pathways
Lysosomes
3 Pathways to Degradation
Formation of Vesicles
"Roadmap" of Protein Traffic
Diseases
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Zellweger Syndrome
Hurler's Disease
Inclusion Cell Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Calcium Homeostasis
Maintaining Calcium Levels
Parathyroid Hormone
Serpentine Protein
2 Target Organs
PTH-related Peptide
Calcitonin
Calbindin
Vitamin D
Vit D synthesis/metabolism
Mechanism
3 Target Organs
Calcium Needs
Disorders
Acute Hypocalcemia
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Calcium/Phosphate ratio
Cytoskeleton/Biological Motors
Actin
+/- end
3 different shapes
cell movement (leading edge)
muscle contraction
actin filaments/binding proteins
integrin/binding to ECM
dynamics
disease examples/pathogens
myosin/power strokes
Microtubules
fast intracellular transport (organelles)
centrosome/radial arrays
roles in the cell cycle (mitotic spindle)
made of tubulin
drugs
kinesin/dynein
cilia/flagella
sperm (immotile cilia syndrome)
Intermediate Filaments
cytoplasmic/nuclear
specific assembly
structural support to cells/tissues
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
ECM Disorders
collagens lecture
ECM components
Collagens (3 criteria)
Fibrillar Cartilages
Collagen Type I
Made in Bone
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
EDS
Collagen Type II
Made in Cartilage
Gly-x-y repeats
Collagen biosynthesis (SUMMARY SLIDE)
Hydroxyproline/thermal stability
Prolyl/lysyl hydroxylase
Ascorbate/ferrous iron (scurvy)
Dermatosporaxis
Lysyl oxidase (copper)
Lathyrism
Haploinsufficiency/Dominant Interference
Epidermolysis Bullosa
proteoglycans/mineralization
Aggrecan
4 Mature Proteoglycan Groups
6 GAG Groups
Formation of proteoglycans
Blood calcium levels
Calcium Precipitation
Matrix Vessels/Hypertrophic Cartilage Mineralization
Bone ECM Components
Osteocytes
Remodeling
Osteoporosis/Osteopetrosis
Cell Cycle
Regulation
Cyclin Dependent Kinases
Ubiquitin Protein Degradation
Retinoblastoma/TF E2F
Checkpoints
p53
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
Subunit association
Protein degradation
Transcription regulation
Phases
M
G1
S
G2
G0