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Genetics (Mutations (DNA Repair Process (Prokaryotes: Organisms that have…
Genetics
Mutations
Cause of Mutation
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Transposon: A large transposable element that carries, in addition to the insertion sequence, other genes that code for proteins not directly associated with transportation.
Insertion Sequence: A small transportable element that contains only the genes coding for the enzymes necessary for the element's excision and insertion
Effects of Mutation
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Codon: In mRNA, a set of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.
Exon: Those portions of the structural region of a gene whose information is actually translated into protein.
Amino Acid: A small molecule containing an amino group and a carboxyl group; the monomers or proteins.
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Point Mutation: The smallest change affecting the least DNA possible, a single base.
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DNA Repair Process
Prokaryotes: Organisms that have no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes are eubacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria.
Haploid: refers to one full set of chromosomes per nucleus. Gametes, spores, and gametophytes typically have haploid nuclei
Angiosperm: Informal term for flowering plant, members of division Magnoliophyta; their seeds develop within fruit, they are also called anthophytes.
Species: A set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and can reproduce with each other but not with members of any other species.
Natural Selection: The preferential survival, in natural conditions, of those individuals whose alleles cause them to be more adapted than other individuals with different alleles.
Alleles: Versions of a gene that differ from each other in the nucleotide sequences. #
Hybrid Crosses
Monohybrid Crosses: A cross in which only a single trait is analyzed, disregarding all other traits.
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Test Cross: A cross involving one parent known to be homozygous recessive for the trait being considered.
Complete Dominance: A situation in which the presence of one allele completely masks the presence of the homologous allele.
Pure-Bred Lines: A situation in which a homozygous recessive trait is kept via being selfed to be kept pure.
Multiple Alleles: Three or more alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus. However, only two of the alleles can be present in a single organism.
Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction in which genomes of two individuals are brought together in one nucleus followed by meiosis with crossing over.
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Diploid: Refers to two full sets of chromosomes in each nucleus, as typically found in saprophytes and zygotes
Haploid: Refers to one full set of chromosomes #
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Punnett Squares: A square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It was named after the scientist who made it, Regunald C. Punnett.
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Replication of DNA
S-Phase: The synthesis phase of the cell cycle, during which nuclear DNA is replicated. (Doubles amount of DNA, double diploid) #
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Semi conservative Replication: Refers to the fact that during DNA replication, one new molecule is paired with one original molecule such that in every new chromosome, half the DNA is conserved from the pre-existing chromosome.
Replication Fork: In DNA replication, the point at which the double helix opens and formation of new DNA occurs.
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Primer RNA: During DNA replication, a piece of RNA that is synthesized against open DNA and from which DNA polymerse can begin building a new molecule of DNA.
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Replicon: During DNA replication, a short segment of DNA that has opened and where replication is occurring.
