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Genetics (Replication of DNA (Replicon (forms small bubble), Primer RNA…
Genetics
Replication of DNA
Replicon
forms small bubble
Primer RNA
approximately 10 nucleotides long
DNA polymerase
DNA synthesizing enzyme
Semiconservative replication
template for complimentary strand
Replication fork
#
DNA uncoils and seperates
Ligated
attached with covalent bonds
Monohybrid crosses
Cross
sexual reproduction b/ 2 individuals
Monohybrid crosses with incomplete dominance
monohybrid cross
1 character is analyzed and studied
homozygous
2 identical alleles
heterozygous
2 diff alleles
Incomplete dominance
no dominant allele
Parental generation
F1
F2
Crossing heterozygotes with themselves
Selfing
own pollen=own egg
Punnett square
Monohybrid crosses with complete dominance
Dominant
Recessive
Test crosses
Complete dominance
does not show recessive allele
Pure-bred Lines
a line selfed and kept pure
Test cross
involves plant in question
Multiple allele
A gene existing in many forms
Mutations
Mutation
Point mutation
single base converted to another
Deletion
piece of DNA lost
Insertion
addition of extra DNA
Inversion
put in backward
Causes of mutations
Mutagen
something that casuse
Insertion sequences
code for enzyme that cuts and splices DNA
Transposon
insertion sequence
Effects of Mutations
depends on nature, position, and extent
Somatic mutations
mutations in cells that never lead to sex cells
DNA repair processes
recognize and remove mutations
Dihybrid crosses
#
dihybrid cross
2 genes studied and analyzed
Genes on separate chromosomes: Independent assortment
independent assortment
Crossing over
recombinant chromosomes
parental type chromosomes
map unit
centimorgan
Genes on the same chromosome: Linkage
chromosomes don't undergo independent assortment
Multiple Genes for One Character
Epistasis
multiple genes for each trait
Quantitative trait loci
genes associated with other DNA
Pleiotropic effects
#
multiple phenotype effects of one mutation
Other aspects of Inheritance
Maternal Inheritance
Biparental inheritance
alleles of both parents transmitted equally
Uniparental inheritance
genomes from maternal parent
Pollen parent
Ovule parent
Variegation
spots of white, red, or orange
Lethal Alleles
Lethal
presence can kill plant
Multiple Sets of Chromosomes and Gene Families
Polyploid
more than two sets of chromosomes
Nondisjunction
change in chromosome #/nucleus in plants
Paralogs
similar to wild type alleles
Gene family
multiple copies of a gene
