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The Ancien Régime and the Enlightenment (Economy (Agriculture (Crop…
The Ancien Régime and the Enlightenment
Enlightenment
Principles
Learning and teaching are essential to enlighten society
The scientific progress would lead a perfect world
Nature has virtue, but the humans corrupt things
Equality and liberty. Everyone should have the same rights
Reason is the only true knowledge
Everyone has the right and duty to be happy (individual happiness leads to colective happiness).
First encyclopaedia
Created by D'Alambert and Diderot
It's a compilation of all sort of knowledge
It was spread throughout salons, books, schools, academies, magazines and newspapers.
Economy
Commerce
Mercantilism
Proper of the Acien Régime
It promoted the exports and avoided imports
Triangular trade
America, Africa and Europe
Europe - tools and arms
Africa - mainly slaves
America - sugar, rum tobacco and cotton
Physiocracy
The wealth of a place is measured by its natural resources
Agriculture
Crop rotation
Repopulation
New machinery
New crops
First industrial revolution
Crafts
Royal manufatures
Produced luxury goods
Domestic production system
Peasants worked for the bourgeoisie for a bit of money after their standart work in the fields
Politics
Enlightened thinkers
Voltaire. He defended monarchy as well as parlamentarism. He critized the power of the church in society.
Rousseau. He defended the popular soverignty, establishing the basis of today's democracy.
Monstequieu. He considered the British parliamentarism as the best form of government.
The social contract
The spirit of laws.
Enlightened despotism
Weird mixture of enlightened ideas and absolutism
It failed because the higher classes still had privileges over the lower ones.
Examples
Cathaline the Great of Russia
Joseph II of Austria
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Carlos III of Spain
Characteristics
Centralised governments
Enlightened thinkers as ministers
Improved education
Control over the church
Attack over the priviledged's idleness and revalorisation of work
Society
Estates of the realm
Nobility and monarchy (privileged)
Church (privileged
Bourgeoisie and peasants (no privileged)
Three groups in which the society of the Ancien Régime was divided
Enlightened despots limited the influence of the church and the nobility
Art
Rococo
Proper of the nobility
1730s-1760s
Showed pictures of idleness and pastel colours
Small scultures of joyful mithology
Very elaborated decoration, seashells, floral elements... The name of Rococo comes from rocaille, a French motive.
Neoclassicism
Proper of the bourgeoisie
1760s-1830s
Similar to the Ancient Rome and Greece
Idealized scultures of marble
Well-featured arquitecture with columns, domes and arches
Idealised, with mithological/ historical themes and characters similar to scultures