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THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT (The Ancien…
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Ancien Régime
17th and 18th centuries
monarchs more powerful
crafts increased
trade increased
bourgeoisie
became wealthier
advances in
Philosophy
Science
Politics
absolute monarchy
the crown
had unlimited authority
they believed
their power
came from God (France)
parliamentary monarchy
the monarch's powers
were limited
by Parliament (England)
Economy
agriculture:
low productivity
outdated
tools
techniques
crafts
regulated by guilds
trade
increased thanks to
establishment
of the new routes
the Discovery of America
mercantilism:
economic system
imposed
by European absolute monarchs
based
on the idea
a country's wealth
depended
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in order
to accumulate more
they introduced
protectionist policies
encourage exports
(making
foreign products
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limited imports
Society
the estates of the realm
1st and 2nd Estates
Nobility
Clergy
(privileges)
3rd Estate
(no privileges)
Petite bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie
Peasantry
The transformation of the Ancien Régime
18th century
period of transition
changes
that contributed
to the collapse of the Ancien Régime
Enlightenment
intellectual movement
criticised the traditional structures
of the AR
to reform society
Science
Education
Reason
CHARACTERISTICS
learning and teaching
people
must learn
as much as possible
share
their knowledge
in order
'enlighten' society
to educate
reason
is the only source
of knowledge
are not
considered rational
dogmas
beliefs
progress
use of reason
and scientific improvements
would lead
to and armonious
and perfect society
with
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equality and liberty
are crucial
many Enlightened thinkers
believed
that a better society
would be only possible
if all men were
equal before the law
free
happiness
every man
has the right and the duty
to be happy
individual happiness
contributes
to social happiness
politics
should be about
making them wiser
making people happier
ideas
spread through
books
schools
periodicals
special academies
newspapers
they organised
meeting in the salons
of their homes
to discuss
new ideas
intellectuals:
D'Alambert and Diderot
ENCYCLOPAEDIA:
collection of writings
that summarised knowledge
from many areas
Philosophy
Art
Science
Grammar
etc
Enlightened philosophers
VOLTAIRE
criticized
religious
absolutism
dogmatism
power
should be limited
by Parliament
MONTESQUIEU
analysed
and compared
different political systems
(and defended English parliamentarism)
defended
the separation of powers
ROUSSEAU
established
the basis
of what we now now
as democracy
defending that politics
should be based
on agreement
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Social contract:
idea
of popular sovereignty
What is Enlightenment? – Immanuel Kant
it is
man's emergence
from his self-imposed immaturity
immaturity
is the inability
to use one's understanding
without guidance from another
is self-imposed
when its cause
lies not
in lack of understanding
but in lack of resolve
and courage to use it
without guidance
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the motto of enlightenment
Sapere Aude!
“Have courage
to use
your own understanding"
Economy
changes
due to social reforms
AGRICULTURE
crop rotation
new machinery
repopulation
increased production
new crops
corn
potatoes
SKILLED CRAFTMANSHIP
increase
in demand
for many consumer goods
rural areas
domestic system
became more important
(textiles)
restrictions
by the guilds
royal manufacturers
luxury goods
nobility
bourgeoisie
monarchy
COMMERCE
domestic trade
limited
by inadequate transportation systems
canals
improve of roads
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
increased
exchange of products
between
American colonies
Europe
Society
between 1700-1800
from 95 to 146 million people
improvements in
hygiene
nutrition
reduction
number of epidemics
scientific advances
states systems
but some reforms
bourgeoisie
inspired
by the ideas
of value
of work and progress
protested against nobility
clergy's privileges
peasants
living conditions
didn't improve
but domestic system
gave them
aditional money
critics to the influence
nobility
clergy
laws to limit their power
lands and buildings confiscated
number of convents reduced
Enlightened Despotism
Absolutism + Enlightenment ideas
"everything
for the people,
but without the people"
CHARACTERISTICS
Political centralisation:
all the power
in the capital
Education
as a way
to improve
people's quality of life
improve the country's
prosperity
wealth
free people from ignorance
attack
to privileged
people's idleness
revalorisation of work
Control
over the Church's power
Jesuit
didn't succeed
as a
form of government
because it maintained
the privileges
of the states system
In addition
the legal reforms
weren't sufficient
to guarantee
equality
freedom
for all members
of society
European enlightened despots:
Frederick the Great
Prussia
Catherine the Great
Russia
Joseph II
Austria
Carlos III
Spain
Rococo and Neoclassicism
the influence
of the Enlightenment
made the 18th century
a great period
of cultural change
Art
became more
than a decorative element
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Ideas spread
through primary schools
and schools
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ROCOCO
Popular in Europe
from 1730s
to 1760s
Followed
the aesthetic tastes
of the nobility
they wanted
homes and decorations
that represented
the joys of life
Architecture:
interiors elaborately
decorated
seashells
floral elements
curves
Hotel Soubise, Paris
Sculpture:
represented joyful
mythological themes
small
Bouchardon's cupid
Painting:
rural festivals
domestic scenes
mythological themes
Fragonard
pastel colours
NEOCLASSICISM
Popular in Europe
from 1760s
to 1830s
Imitated
classical art
and reflected
the aesthetic tastes
of Enlightenment thinkers
and the middle class
(both rejected)
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Enlightenment monarchs
remodelled cities
public squares
-
sewage systems
street lights
fountains
new boulevards
ARCHITECTURE
buildings
were well- proporcioned
and featured
classical elements
Columns
Domes
Rounded arches
Pantheon in Paris
Souflott
La Madeleine
Paris
SCULPTURE
usually
made of marble
mythological themes
or famous people
Houdon's sculptures
of
Rousseau
Voltaire
PAINTING
imitating
classical sculptures
(people
who looked
like statues)
Idealised
mythological
or historical themes
idealised
famous people
Mengs or Greuze