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chapter 10 energy metabolism: photosynthesis (cytochromes (plastoquinones,…
chapter 10 energy metabolism: photosynthesis
entropy
a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.
photoautotrophs
organisms that gather energy directly from light and use it to assimilate small inorganic molecules into their own tissues.
heterotrophs
organisms that cannot do this but instead take in organic molecules and respire them, obtaining the energy available in them.
guanosine triphosphate
which also carries high-energy phosphate bonds.
photophosphorylation
involves light energy in photosynthesis; animals, fungi, and nonchlorophyllous plant tissues cannot perform photophosphorylation because they lack the necessary pigments and organelles
substrate-level phosphorylation
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cytochromes
small proteins that contain a cofactor, heme, which holds an iron atom
plastoquinones
cytochromes, transport electrons over short distances within a membrane
plastocyanin
a small protein that carries electrons on a metal atom in this case copper
cytochrome b6/f complex
which in turn gets electro from a molecule of plastoquinone
q
a molecule of quinone, receives electrons
phaeophytin
actually a chlorophyll a molecule that does not contain a magnesium atom, becomes oxidized as it donates an electron to Q
P680
the reaction center of photosystem 2 and has the name P680
electron transport chain
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
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light dependent reactions
water and light, however, do not act on carbon dioxide directly; instead, they create the inermediates ATP and NADPH
stroma reactions
ATP and NADPH interact with carbon dioxide and actually produce carbohydrate
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
which encompasses gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves, in addition to visible light
quanta (singular, quantum)
radiation can be thought o fand treated physically either as a set
also called photons
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as a set of waves
pigment
any material that absorbs certain wavelengths specifically and therefore has distinctive color
chlorophyll
a
it absorbs only some red and some blue light, letting most of the rest pass thorugh, especially high energy radiation
quality of sunlight
regers ot the colors or wavelengths it contains. sunlight is pure white because it contains the entire visible spectrum
quantity of light
refers to light intensity or brightness, is affected by several factors. more light is available for photosynthesis on a clear than on a cloudy day
light compensation point
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greenhouse effect
this energy is trapped in the earth/atmosphere system and warms our world
greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide
global warming
the concentration of carbon dioxide is increasing the atmosphere, and the average temperature is also
global climate change
wind patterns are being changed such that certain areas areas are beoming
ozone
a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. It differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3)
