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The transformation of the Ancien Régime and the Enlightenment (Enlightened…
The transformation of the Ancien Régime and the Enlightenment
Transformation of basic
structures of the Ancien Régime
Absolute monarchs introduced social reforms
People not allowed to choose the government
New forms of industry and commerce
Economic Expansion
Bourgeoisie became more important
Wanted more political power
Art
Tastes of upper classes
Reforms by monarchs
The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement
Criticised traditional structures of Ancien Régime
Main principles
Reason
Only source of knowledge
Nature
society corrupts men, only education can save them
Learning and teaching
learn as much as possible and share your knowledge
Progress
reason and scientific progress
perfect society
Equality and liberty
everybody same legal rights and freedom
Happiness
Politics should make people happier making them wiser
Encyclopaedia
D'Alambert and Diderot
Knwoledge from many areas of study
Enlightenment criticisms and proposals
Politics
Montesquieu
Chose English Parliamentarism as the best political system
Defended separation of powers
Voltaire
criticized religious dogmatisms and absolutism
Rousseau
Established the basis of the actual democracy
Economy
Physiocrats argued that agriculture was the main source of wealth
Rejected Mercantilism
State should not interfere with trade and economic activities
Society
Criticised social inequialities
No group should have special priviledges
Enlightened despotism
Combine absolute monarchy with enlightenment ideas
centralised governments
appointed enlightened thinkers to important positions,
wanted to free people from ignorance with education
revalorisation of work
control over church
Economic changes
Agriculture improved
crop rotation
better agricultural machinery
repopulation of unhabited areas
new crops: corn and potatoes
Crafts
domestic system important in rural areas
Royal manufacturers
Commerce
domestic trade limited
better and new roads and canals
international trade intesified
Triangular routes
In Europe
goods traded for tools and arms
In Africa
african slaves
In America
sugar, rum, cotton and tobacco
Society
The estates of the realm
criticised influence of nobility and clergy
limited influence of nobility and clergy
bourgeoisie inspired by enlightenment ideas
peasants living conditions didn't improve
Rococo and Neoclassicism
Rococo
Popular in Europe between 1730 and 1760
reflected aesthetic tastes of nobility
represent joys of life
Architecture
Elaborately decorated , with curves and florals elements
Sculpture
Small and represented mythology
Painting
pastel colours and mythological themes
Neoclassicism
Europe between 1760 and 1830
reflected aesthetic tastes of enlightenment thinkers
Architecture
classical elements
rounded arches, columns and domes
Sculpture
made of marble
Mythological and historical themes
Painting
classical sculptures
Mythological and historical themes
