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The Skeletal System Leslie De La Rosa…
The Skeletal System Leslie De La Rosa Period 4
Bones (206 total)
Vertebral Column
Lumbar Vertebra
Sacrum
Thoracic Vertebra
Cervical Vertebra
Coccyx
thoracic cage
Sternum
ribs
True Ribs ; 1-7
False Ribs ;8-10
Floating Ribs ;11-12
Hyoid Bone
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
Skull
Cranial Bones
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid:
Frontal
Facial Bones
Inferior nasal concha
Mandible
Lacrimal
Nasal
Palatine
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Vomer
Upper limbs
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalanx
Pelvis Girdle
HIp Bone
Lower Limbs
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Patella
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalanx
Types of Bones
Long Bones
A shaft plus two ends, are often expanded, and named after elongated shape
Sesamoid Bones
A special type of short bone that forms in the tendon and varies in size and in different individuals. Some alter or reduce friction or pull of tendon.
Short Bones
Roughly cubed shaped
Flat Bones
Are thin flattened, and usually a bit curved. (ex: sternum, scapula, ribs and most cranial bones)
Irregular Bones
Complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes (ex:vertebrae and hip bones)
Anatomy of Long Bone
Articular Cartilage: The thin layer of hyaline cartilage on distal and proximal epiphysis
Endosteum: The thin layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity and trabeculae of spongy bone inside bone
Periosteum: A glistening white double membrane that covers external surface of bone except for the joint surface.
Red Marrow: in the spongy bone and involved in hematopoiesis
Metaphysis: Flared portion of the bone where the dia- and epiphysis meet
Yellow Marrow: In medullary cavity and stores fat
Epiphyseal Plate: Remanent of epiphyseal line and a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows through youth to lengthen bone
Compact Bone: Layer of hard tissue composed of repeating osteons
Nutrient Artery: enters the marrow cavity through the nutrient canal which branches to run parallel to the long axis in the central part creating the central arteries
Distal Epiphysis: end of bone that is pointing away from the center of the body
Epiphyseal Line: Is found between Dia- and Epiphysis
Proximal Epiphysis: on the other side of the diaphysis pointing toward the center of the body
Epiphysis: The bone ends that contain spongy bone with a thin layer of articular cartilage that covers the joint surface and cushions
Spongy Bone: Mesh-like tissue made by of interconnecting trabeculae and spaces filled with red marrow
Medullary (marrow) Cavity: contains no bone tissue but red and yellow marrow
Diaphysis: A tubualr shaft that forms the long axis of the bone and is constructed of compact bone
Bone Remodeling
Replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue
Bone Resorption
Osteoclasts move across bone surface and break down bone matrix
Bone Deposit
Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix and begins as osteoid seam, an unmineralized band of gauzy looking bone matrix approximately 10-12 Mm thick. Then Osteoid is calcified and triggers osteoblasts to release matrix vesicles studded with enzyme.
Compact Bone Tissue
Dense bone tissue composed of osteons made of osteocytes organized into lamellae surrounding a central canal
resist pressure and shocks and protect the spongy tissue
forms diaphysis of long bones
Bone Fracture Repair
Fracture Classification
Completeness of break
Complete Fracture
Incomplete fracture
Position of bone ends
Displaced fracture
Nondisplaced fracture
Bone penetrates skin
Open (compound) Fracture
Closed (simple) fracture
Fracture Treatment and Repair
Closed (external) reduction : Coaxed back into position
Reduction: realignment of bones
Open (internal) reduction: secured together surgically with screws and plate
Repair has 4 main stages
Bony callus forms
Bone remodeling occurs
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
A hematoma forms
Joints (and examples)
Where the bones meet, allow for movement, and are classified by structure and or function
Structural Classification
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Articular Capsule: surrounds the joint and connects to adjacent bones
Articular Cartilage: In articular capsule, in which rounded ends of bones covered with smooth articular cartilage
Synovial Cavity: Space between bones filled with synovial fluid which allows it to move freely
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint: rotational movement around a single axis (ex: joint at base of skull allows for the head to rotate)
Hinge Joint: bending and straightening movements on one plane (ex: elbow, knee)
Condyloid Joint: bending and straightening, side-to-side, and circular movements (Ex: at radius and carpal)
Saddle Joint: bending and straightening, side-to-side, and circular movements (ex: at thumb and palm)
Plane Joint: slide in gliding motion (ex: in bones between wrist and foot)
Ball-and-Socket Joint: bending and straitening, side-to-side, circular, and rotational movement (ex: hip and shoulder jints)
Fibrous
Syndesmosis
connects two bones that are far apart
Gomphosis
holds a tooth in place in its socket in the upper and lower jaw
Sutures
narrow fibrous joints connect bones of the skull
Functional Classifications
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable
Diarthroses
freely movable
Synarthroses
immovable
Difference between Male and Female Pelvis
Female
wider and broader in order to be able to give birth
shorter, wider, more curved
Male
Taller, narrower, and more compact
distance of ischium bones is small
sacrum is long, narrow, straighter
rounder pelvic inlet
Disorders
Rickets: an analogous disease in children, epiphyseal plates can not calcify, widen end of long bones, and bowed legs and deformities of pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
Osteoporosis is a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. It affects the entire skeleton and most common in the vertebrae and neck of femur.
Risk factors
Smoking
Genetics
Diet lacking calcium, vitamen D, and/or protein
Hormone related conditions
Insufficient bone stress (Low body weight)
Consumption of alcohol or certain medications
Decreased sex hormones: Androgens and Estrogens restrain osteoclasts and maintain normal density of skin.
Osteomalacia is the bones being poorly mineralized. Although osteoids are produced, calcium salts are not deposited evenly so bones are soft and weak
Paget's Disease is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption. The ¨pagetic bone¨ is hastily made and maintains a high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone which causes weakness. Also, osteoclast activity wane causing the lack of work of osteoblasts.
