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Metabolism (Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (Redox reactions-aka…
Metabolism
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Fermentation-a catabolic pathway that happens in glycolysis which involves the degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen(anaerobic) Since there's no oxygen the coenzyme NADH dumps its high energy hydrogen ions and electrons back onto pyruvate creating lactic acid. involves a transport of electrons thus starting the chemical reaction that produces 2 ATP's The waste product lactic acid is broken down in the liver.
Aerobic Respiration- when oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel to produce ATP. Involves a transport of electrons thus starting the chemical reaction
Cellular respiration-The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, breaking down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP
Equation:C6H12O6+6O2->6Co2+6H2O + energy(release energy)
Redox reactions-aka oxidation-reduction reactions-a chemical reaction where one or more electrons is transferred from one reactant to another
The loss of electrons from one substance is called oxidation
Reducing agent-the electron donor
The addition of one electron to another substance is known as reduction
Oxidizing agent-the electron acceptor
NAD+oxidized form of NAD, a coenzyme that can accept electrons, becoming NADH. a enzyme called dehydrogenase removes a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from the substrate thereby oxidizing it and becoming NADH, giving it 2 electrons and 1 proton. The other proton becomes a hydrogen ion (H+)
NADH-reduced form of NAD tghat temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration, acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain.
Electron transport chain-consists of a number of molecules , mostly proteins , built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Electrons removed from glucose are shuttled from NADH to the top higher energy end of the chain.
In Cellular respiration most electrons travel the following downhill route: glucose->NADH->electron transport chain->oxygen
Glycolysis-occuring in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking down glucose model into two molecules of pyruvates into energy molecules.
in eukaryotes, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is oxidized to a compound called acetyl CoA which enters the
citric acid cycle
citric acid cycle- breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide providing energy by breaking the carbon bonds to charge yo NAD+ to NADH
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Reactants
1 glucose, 2ATPs
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4ADP+ 4 Phosphate
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Products
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Activation energy 2ATPs
net gain of energy makes it overall
catabolic
Overall breaks down sugar and supply energy molecules (pyruvate)
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Intermediate step-
Starts at 2 Pyruvates and energy carriers
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Carbon molecules charging up high energy molecules
occurs in mitochondria
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Metabolism- toatality of an organism's chemical reactions
Metabolic Pathways-specific molecule which is then altered in a series of steps resulting in a certain product. Each step is effected by a specific enzyme
Catabolic Pathways-metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
small molecules of sugar combine to make disaccharides
Anabolic Pathways-metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Example:Hydrogen peroxide breaks down into oxygen and water
Energy
-capacity to cause change
Kinetic energy
-energy associated with the relative motion of objects
Example: Diving in a pool
Thermal Energy
-kinetic energy associated with the random movements of atoms or molecules. transfer from one object to another is called
heat
Potential energy-
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
Example: a ball on top of a hill
Chemical Energy
-The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
Thermodynamics-Study of energy transformation that occur in a collection of matter.
First Law of Thermodynamics-the energy of the universe is constant, energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. (aka the principle of conservation of energy)
Second law of thermodynamics-every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Spontaneous process- a change in energy that does not require outside energy to perform.
Free Energy-portion of a systems energy that can do work when temp and pressure are uniform
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example:water flowing downhill
Entropy-measure of molecular disorder
example: a house slowly decaying without maintenance
Enthalpy-measure of molecular order or heat.
Example:a human being created by smaller or simpler materials
Endothermic reaction-chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat
Exothermic reaction-chemical reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat
Free energy-portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are the same throughout the system
example:glycolysis, a part of cellular respiration
Example:sugar being ate which is then broken down from complex carbohydrates into simpler carbohydrates which are then used for energy
Bioenergetics-The study of how energy flows through living organisms
Example: The energy transfer from a giraffe eating tree leaves
Photosynthesis
Light Reaction-Push electrons through protein to pump hydrogen ions to generate ATP
Light and water comes in and is absorbed by photosystem 2
split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen as a waste product
The hydrogen ions are stored in the thylakoid
then through ATP synthase
to make ADP->ATP
Electrons go through cytochrome complex to bring in more hydrogen ions to increase concentration
Electrons go through photosystem 1
sends electrons to NADP+ reductionase
Adds electrons to reduce positive charge by adding a negative (electrons)
This turns NADP+ to NADPH (high energy molecule)
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