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Skeletal System Angelynn Torres Period 4 (Anatomy of the long Bone…
Skeletal System
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Bones
Nasal/ Nose:
the part relating to the nose
Zygomatic/ Upper Cheek:
The part of the temporal bone that forms the prominence of the cheek
Cranium/ Head:
It is the skull, the part that encloses the brain
Maxilla/ Upper Jaw:
The jaw or jaw bone, specifically the upper jaw. It forms part of the nose and eye sockets
Mandible/ Jaw:
The jaw or jawbone
Specifically the lower jaw bone
Vertebrae: Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar
Thoracic Vertebrae/ Middle part of spine: The 12 bones of the backbone in which the ribs are attached
Lumbar Vertebrae/ lower spine bones: 5 bones that form the spine at the lower back
Cervical Vertebrae/ Neck Bones: 7 cylindrical bones that provide support and structure of the cervical spine
Clavicle/ collarbone: A long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum
Scapula/ Shoulder blade:The bone at the back of the shoulder
Sternum
Sternum: The middle part of the sternum
Xiphoid process: The lower part of the sternum
Manubrium: the broad upper part of the sternum
Ribs
False Ribs: The bottom ribs
Floating ribs: The lower ribs which are not attached directly to the breastbone
True ribs: The top ribs that are attached directly to the breastbone
Pelvis
Coxal Bone:The hip bone
Iliac Fossa: The large and smooth, concave surface on the internal surface of the ilium
Ilium: The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone
Pubic Symphysis: It is located between the left and right pubic bones near the midline of the body
Ischium: The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis
Pubic Bone: The bones that make up the pelvis
Sacrum
Coccyx: A small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column
Humerus/ Upper arm:
The bone of the upper arm or forelimb that form the joints at the shoulder and the elbow
Carpal/ wrist:
The bones that form the carpal of the forearm
Femur/ upper limb:
The bone of the thigh, connects at the hip and knee
Patella/knee:
The kneecap
Tibia/lower limb: The inner and the larger bone between the knee and the ankle
Fibula/ lower limb: The outer and the smaller of the two bones between the knee and ankle
Tarsal/ ankle:
The ankle bone
Metatarsal: The bones of the foot
Calcaneus / heel:
The large bone that forms the heel
Radius/ forearm/ bone at the pinkie side of the bone:
The thicker and the shorter bone of the forearm
Ulna/ forearm/ / thumb side of forearm:
The thinner and longer of the two bones in the forearm
Metacarpal: The long bones that connect the carpal to the phalanges. Consists of 5 bones
Phalanges/ fingers: The bones of the fingers or toes
Types of Bones
Short Bone: Roughly cube shaped
Sesamoid bones are a spacial type of short bones
Examples:
Talus
Wrist and ankle bones
Flat Bone: Thin, flattened and usually curved
Examples:
Sternum
Scapulae
Ribs
Cranial Bones
Long Bone: longer than they are wide
Includes a shaft plus two ends
All limb bones except the patella, wrist and ankle bones are long bones
Elongated shape
Examples:
Humerus
Three bones of each finger are long bones
Irregular Bone: COmplicated shapes that do not fit the other bone classifications
Examples:
Vertebrae
Hip Bones
Disorders
Bone Disorders
Pajet's Disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
pagetic bone hastily made and abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone
reduced mineralization, weakening
irregular thickening of bone
Rickets: analagous disease in children, more severe
bowed legs, deformities of pelvis, skull and rib cage
epiphyseal plates do not calcify, long bones become enlarged, abnormally long
Osteoporosis: disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
bone mass declines, bone becomes light, postmenopausal women
Osteomalacia: disorders in which bones are poorly mineralized
osteid is produced, calcium salts are not
Joint Disorders
Arthritis: 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases
pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint
Most chronic type is osteoarthritis, most common
Lyme Disease: Inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks that live on mice and deer
joint pain, arthritis
skin rash, foggy thinking, flu like symptoms
Bursitis and Tendonitis:
Bursitis: inflammation of a bursa and caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendon sheaths, pain and swelling
Anatomy of the long Bone
Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones: blood forming tissue, red marrow
red marrow in adults only found in the cavities between trabeculae of spongy bones in
flat bone of the skull, the sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapulae, hip bones, and vertebrae
Heads of femur and humerus
found in spongy bone of flat bones and irregular bones
Bone Markings:
1- projections : sites of muscle and ligament attachment
2- Surfaces: form joints
3- Depressions and openings: for blood vessels and nerves
Blood Vessels and Nerves: Vascularized, main vessels serving diaphysis is nutrient artery and a nutrient vein.
Nutrient foramen: hole in wall of diaphysis, opening
supplies bone marrow and spongy bone, artery runs inword
supplies compact bone, extend outwards
Membranes: Glistening white double layered membrane called periosteum, covers external surface, except joint surfaces
Outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer nest to bone surfacecontains osteoprogenitor cells
Epiphyses: Bone ends, outer shell of compact bone forms epiphyses exterior and interior contains spongy bone
Articular hyaline cartilage covers joint surface of each epiphyses, cushioning opposing bone ends during movement, absorb stress
Between diaphysis and epiphyses there is an epiphyseal line a remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis: Tibular diaphysis/ shaft
Forms long axis of the bone
Thick collar of compact bone that surrounds central medullary cavity / marrow cavity, contains no bone tissue
contains yellow marrow
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone Tissue: passageways that serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels
Interstitial and circumferential lamellae:
Interstitial Lamellae: foll gaps betwen forming osteoms or are remnants of osteons cut through by bone remodeling
Circumferential Lamellae: deep to the periosteum and superficial to endosteum, extend around circumference of diaphysis, resist twisting
Organic components of bone: cells and osteoid
organic part of the matrix, includes ground substance and collagen fibers, secreted by osteoblasts
-structure and flexibility, tensile strength
Canals and Canaliculi: Running through the core of each osteon
Central canal: contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers
Perforating canals: connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to central canals
Hair like canals, canaliculi radiate from lacunae, connect
Osteon: Structural unit of compact bone, Haversian System
elongated cylinder oriented parallel to axis of bone
group of shallow tubes of bone matrix
Each matrix is a lamella
Inorganic Components: hydroxyapatites or mineral salts
largely calcium phosphates present as tiny crystals in and around collagen fibers in matrix
exceptional hardness, bones last longs
Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic and inorganic substances
strong and durable
Soft organic components: include bone cells and osteiod allow to resist tension
Hard organic components: Mineral salts resist compression
Bone Remodeling
Bone Depostion: Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix
crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue
Control of Remodeling: Regulated by two control loops
Maintaining Ca^2+: Hormone negative feedback loop involving parathyroid hormone, maintains Ca^2+ homeostasis in blood
Keeping bone strong: Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on a bone drive, remodeling where it is required to strengthen that bone
Bone Resorption: giant osteoclasts accomplish this
break down bone matrix and tissues, release the minerals, transfer of calcium from bone fluid to blood
resorption is done, osteoclasts undergo apoptosis
Hormone Controls: Maintaining extracellular fluid calcium levels within homeostatic levels is absolutely critical for maintaining the resting membrane potential of all cells
Hormones use calcium in bone as a storage bank ti maintain extracellular fluid
Hormonal controls primarily involve parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced by parathyroid glands
Bone Remodeling
coordinated by cohorts of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts
respond to signals from hormones and stress seeing osteocytes
Response to Mechanical stress: Muscle pull and gravity
Wolff's law: a one grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it
bone is loaded wherever weight bears down on it or muscles pull on it
Bone Fracture Repair
Fracture treatment and repair:
Reduction: realignment of broken bone ends
Closed Reduction: physicians hands coax bone ends into position
Open Reduction: bone ends secured surgically with screws and plates
immobilized by a cast or traction to allow healing
Repair in simple fracture
Fibrocartilaginous Callus forms: Spans the break & connects the broken bone ends. Repair tissue is called soft callus, splints broken bones
Bony Callus Forms: Fibrocartilage cells is replaced by immature bone, converting it to bony callus
continues until a firm union forms
Repeat events of endochondral ossification
A hematoma forms: blood vessels in bone & periosteum are tone
Hemorrhaged blood clots , form hematoma at fracture site
Bone Remodeling Occurs: Bony callus is remodeled
The repaired are resembles the original unbroken bony region, responds to same mechanical stress
Joints
Synovial Joint Movements
Gliding: flat/ nearly flat bone surfaces glides over another, side to side , back and forth without rotation
Angular: increase or decrease angle between two bones
Multiaxial: movement in all planes
Flexion: bending movement
along sagittal plane, decreases angle of joint and brings articulating bones closer
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Extension: Reverse of flexion
increases angle between articulating bones , straightens flexed limb
Unaxial: movement in one plane
Nonaxial: gliding movement only
Abduction: movement of limb away or torward the midline
Circumduction: moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space distal end of limb moves in a circle
Rotation: turning of a bone around its own long axis
Fibrous Joints
Sutures: "seams" between bones of skull
knit bones together, allow skull to expand
closed sutures: synostoses, skull bones fuse, immovable, protective adaptation
Gomphoses: peg-in-socket fibrous joint
articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket
Fibrous connection= the short periodontal ligament
Syndesmoses: bones are connected by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue
movement depends on length of connecting fibers
Synovial Joints
Saddle: one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle. Provide stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint
Plane: Carpal, allows only gliding movement
Hinge: Includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend
Condyloid: permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Pivot: a freely moveable joint that allows rotary movement around a single axis
ball-and -socket : A partially spherical end lies in a socket, allowing movement and rotation.
Differences in Male and Female Pelvis
Male
Taller, narrower and more compact
less flexible more curved
Female
Larger
and broader
A much more oval shape
Coccyx is more flexible