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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (LONG BONE ANATOMY (Periosteum (-outside covering of…

- - - - Cranium: encloses & protects fragile brain tissue
        -Frontal-forehead
        -Parietal-top sides of head, top lateral
        -Temporal- above ear , below parietal bone(temple)
        -Occipital- back of head, behind skull
        -Sphenoid- forms floor of skull (side)
        -Ethmoid- forms roof of nasal cavity & medial portion of orbital cavity
    - - joins cranial bones, bones fuse together
        -Sagittal-b/w two parietal bone
        -Lamboidal-b/w occipital &parietal bones
        -Coronal-b/w frontal & parietal bones
        -Squamous*-b/w parietal bones & temporal bones
    - - Maxilla- upper jaw bone
        Mandible-lower jaw bone
        Zygomatic-Cheek bone (anterior)
        Nasal- nose , bridge of nose
        Palatine- together w/ maxilla forms, hard palate (roof of mouth)
        Lacrimal- medial eye socket(anterior)
        Inferior Conchae-wall of nasal cavity(lower bump)
        Volmer- midline of nasal cavity (vertical)
    - - Cervical (C1-C7) neck
        -atlas-C1 (forms ring)
        -axis-C2 (has dense straight up ring
        Thoracic (T1-T12) upper back (back ribcage attached for ribs)
        Lumbar (L1-L5) lower back (big/tall body)
        Sacrum (5 fused) small of back, b/w coral bones (pelvic girdle)
        Coccyx (4 fused) tail bone
    - - Connects w/ thoracic vertebrae & sternum to form rib cage
        -True ribs- first 7 pairs; attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage
        False ribs- next 5 pairs; indirectly attached to sternum
        -Floating ribs- last 2 pairs; false rib no sternal attachment
  - - - Carpals- wrist (8 bones)
        Metacarpals-bones of palm of hand
        Phalanges- finger bones
    - - Supports entire upper body
        Protection for: reproductive organs, urinary bladder, part of the large intestine
        Coxal (hip) bone(2 bones)-composed of 3 fused bones
        -Ilium-lateral portion; forms majority of bone
        -ischium-"sit-down bone"
        -pubis-anterior portion
    - - Arm
        -formed by humerus (attached to clavicle & scapula)
        Forearm
        -Formed by: ulna-medially; attached to wrist bones of pinky finger side
        radius-laterally; attached to wrist bones on thumb side
    - - Thigh: Femur
        -attached to coxal bone proximally
        -attached to tibia (shin bone) distally
        Leg:
        Tibia (shinbone)
        -attached medially to (big toe) to tarsal (ankle) bone; weight bearing bone
        Fibula
        -lateral (little toe); not weight- bearing
        Foot:
        Tarsals-ankle bones (8 bones)
        Metatarsals- bones of sole of foot
        Phalanges- toes
        Calcaneus-heel bone
        Talus-superior to calcaneus, tibia rests on top
    - - Clavicle(collarbone): attaches upper limb to sternum(breast bone); only bony attachment for upper limb
        Scapular(shoulder blade): attaches upper limb to back of shoulder by muscle
- - - - Types of bone: Closes(simple) fracture
        Open (compound) fracture
        Comminuted fracture
        Compression fracture
        Depressed fracture
        Impacted fracture
        Spiral fracture
        Greenstick fracture
- - - - Classified by type of material joints are made of:
        Fibrous Joints-generally immovable (fibrous tissue 'dense connective') (little or no movement)
        Cartilaginous Joints- (flexible) immovable or slightly movable (slight movement)
        Synovial Joints-(synovial membrane-fluid) freely movable
    - - Cartilaginous Joints
        -bones connected by cartilage
        EX-intevertebral disc (joint b/w vertebrae), pubic symphysis (joint b/w pubic bones)
      - Synovial Joints
        is found in the joint cavity
        -articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
        -joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
        -have a joint cavity filled w/ synovial fluid
        -ligament reinforce the joint(gives support&rigidity)
        -Bursae- flattened fibrous sac
        EX:Plane,Condyloid,Pivot,Hinge,Saddle,Ball&Socket
      - Fibrous Joints
        -bones united by fibrous tissue
        EX: suture-holds skull bones together (syndemoses)
        EX-distal end of tibia & fibula
    - - Classified based on amount of movement in a joint
        Synarthroses- immovable joints (no movement)
        Amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints (little bit)
        Diarthoses- freely movable joints (limited amount)