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A 23 year old male patient with severe face and arm muscle spasms brought…

- - - - fascicle: fibers organize into bundles
        
        covered by perimysium
        
        contains extensive blood vessels and nerves supplying fibers
      - cell : muscle fiber
        
        myofibril: combination of actin and myosin
        
        functional unit: sarcomere
        
        consist of
        
        myosin
        
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        actin
        
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        tropomyosin
        
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        troponin
        
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        Z disc- anchors for actin
        
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        regions
        
        A band
        
        central region of sarcomere
        
        contains entire myosin , partially overlapping actin
        
        dark under microscope
        
        I band
        
        light under microscope
        
        contains only actin, Z disc in center
        
        disappear at muscle contraction
        
        cylindrical in shape - one Z disc to next Z disc
        
        covered by endomysium
        
        surrounds +insulate electrically each fiber
      - muscle: organ
        
        connective tissues meet at end
        
        tendon
        
        aponeurosis
        
        covered by epimysium
        
        allow muscle to contract
    - - Neuromuscular junction
        
        synapse between a motor axon terminal and its associated skeletal muscle fiber sarcolemma (motor end plate)
        
        structures
        
        synaptic cleft
        
        space b/t synaptic knob and motor end plate
        
        acetylcholinesterase found here
        
        motor end plate
        
        muscle side of NMJ
        
        Has several folds for increased surface area
        
        acetylcholine receptors
        
        axon terminal -synaptic knob
        
        houses synaptic vesicles
        
        1 more item...
        
        embedded voltage gated Ca2+ channels
      - Graded muscle contraction
        
        wave summation
        
        results if 2 stimuli are received by muscle in rapid succession
        
        additional stimuli delivered before relaxation is complete
        
        stimulus more frequent than twitch
        
        tetany
        
        unfused tetanus
        
        sustained, quivering contraction
        
        higher stimulation frequency
        
        fused tetanus
        
        no relaxation b/t stimuli
        
        contraction fuse into 1 smooth sustained contractions plateau
        
        even higher stimulation frequency
        
        prolonged muscle contraction leads to muscle fatigue
        
        1 single action potential produce a single contraction
        
        twitch:1 isolated contraction
        
        contraction period: at power stroke
        
        increase muscle tension
        
        relaxation period
        
        calcium pumping out of sarcolemma+back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        release of cross-bridge
        
        decreasing muscle tension
        
        latent period : after stimulus, before contraction begins
        
        action potential running down sarcolemma
        
        calcium released
    - - types of muscles
        
        skeletal
        
        multinucleate with striations
        
        attached to bones/ facial muscles to skin
        
        single, very long, cylindrical
        
        cardiac
        
        uni/binucleate, striations
        
        walls of heart
        
        branching chains of cells
        
        smooth
        
        no striation
        
        walls of hollow organs
        
        single, spindle shaped, uninucleate
  - - - Bones
        
        types of bone
        
        spongy bone
        
        co impact bone
        
        classification by shape
        
        sesamoid
        
        flat
        
        Wormian
        
        short
        
        irregular
        
        long
      - joints
        
        amphiarthroses: cartilaginous joints
        
        pubic symphysis
        
        intervertebral disc
        
        diarthroses : synovial joints
        
        hinge: knee joint
        
        pivot: atlas and axis of neck
        
        ball and socket: shoulder joint
        
        saddle: carpo-metacarpal joint
        
        gliding-plane: carpal, tarsal joint
        
        condyloid: metacarpo-phalangeal joint
        
        synarthrose : fibrous joint
        
        sutures
        
        gomphoses: teeth in alveolar sockets
    - - Protects and supports the body organs
        
        provide framework the muscles use to cause movement
        
        minerals storage
        
        hematopoiesis
  - - - Brain, spinal cord, nerves
    - - fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external
        changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
  - - - cutanous membrane
        
        epidermis
        
        stratum granulosum
        
        stratum spinosum
        
        stratum lucid - in thick skin
        
        stratum basale
        
        stratum corneum
        
        dermis
        
        papillary layer
        
        reticular layer
      - hypodermis: subcutaneous tissue
      - epidermal derivatives
        
        nail
        
        sweat-sudorifeous- glands
        
        hair
        
        sebaceous glands
    - - External body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury.
        
        Synthesizes vitamin D,
        
        houses cutaneous (pain, pressure,.) receptors; sweat and oil glands.
  - - - ATP attaches to myosin —>myosin and actin link weakens
      - myosin head detaches—> cross bridge breaks
      - ADP and P are released—> myosin head pivots and bends
      - myosin head attach to actin forming Cross bridge
      - myosin head pulls actin filament towards M line, center of sarcomere
        
        action repeats over and over- sliding filament cycle
        
        resulting in shortening of sarcomere —> contraction
      - as myosin hydrolyze ATP to ADP + P —> myosin head returns to its prestroke high -energy- cocked position
    - - functions
        
        stabilizing joints
        
        protection and support
        
        maintenance of posture
        
        storage and movement of materials
        
        body movement
        
        heat production
    - - Ca2+ entry causes neurotransmitter Acetylcholine to be realized by exocytosis into synaptic cleft
      - action potential arrives at axon terminal of lower motor neuron
      - Acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated channels - Acetylcholine receptors on sarcolemma
      - action potential to lower motor neuron form upper motor neuron
      - Acetylcholine binding opens chemically-gated ions channels allowing passage of Na+ into muscle fibers , K+ out of muscle fibers
      - More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit producing change in membrane potential- end plate potential
      - voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
    - - Calcium binds to troponin—> removes blocking action of tropomyosin exposing myosin-binding sites of actin
      - Calcium ions are released
        
        shape change opens Ca2+ release channels in terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        allowing Ca2+ to flow into cytosol
        
        transmission of AP along T-tubules cause voltage-sensible tubules protein to change shape
      - myosin heads bind to actin forming cross bridge cycling: contraction begins: excitation-contraction coupling is over
      - action potential propagates along sarcolemma, down T-tubules
  - - - lymphatic vessels
      - spleen
      - lymph nodes
      - thymus
      - red bone marrow
    - - disposes of debris in lymphatic stream
      - house white blood cells-lymphocyte
      - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels , return it to blood
      - immune response mounts attack against foreign substances within body
- - - - leads to widespread activation of motor neurons and spasming of muscles throughout the body
        
        muscle spasms generally begin at the top of the body and move down, beginning about 8 days after infection
        
        followed by spasms of the abdominal muscles and the limbs.
        
        Muscle spasms continue for several weeks