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Severe muscle cramping; reduced muscle mass (Affected Systems…

- - - - Imbalance of water and sodium
  - - - Hormonal disruption
        
        Interferes with normal regulation
        of many body systems
      - Malnutrition
        
        Reduced functioning of digestive system
      - Decreased iron and zinc levels
        
        Anemia
        
        Less oxygen
        content in blood
  - - - Overall fatigue of body systems
- - - - Increased risk of
        heart attack and stroke
  - - - Decreased
        libido
  - - - Stress fractures;
        tendonitis
  - - - More susceptible
        to infection
  - - - Kidney failure
- - - - Glycolysis
        
        Breakdown of glucose into
        two pyruvate molecules
        
        Occurs in cytosol;
        with/without oxygen
        
        Produces less ATP,
        but more rapidly
      - Aerobic Cellular
        Respiration
        
        Oxidation of variety
        of nutrients
        
        Occurs in mitochondria
        with oxygen
        
        Produces greater
        amounts of ATP
    - - Present in tissues with both large and fluctuating energy needs
        
        Transferred to ADP to form ATP
        
        Provides additional 10-15 seconds
        of energy during maximum exertion
    - - Produced from pyruvate with
        low oxygen availability
        
        Accumulation causes
        muscle pain
  - - - Medium length run
        
        Creatine phosphate transfer
        and glycolysis
      - Long run
        
        Creatine phosphate, glycolysis,
        and aerobic cellular respiration
      - Short sprint
        
        ATP supplied by transfer of
        creatine phosphate
  - - - Function through
        primary active transport
        
        Move calcium ions from cytosol
        to sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        Maintains low cytosol
        levels of calcium
- - - - Sodium rapidly diffuses into and
        potassium diffuses out of the muscle fiber
    - - Sodium channels open for depolarization;
        potassium channels open for repolarization
    - - Action potential is propagated along T-tubules;
        calcium release channels open
  - - - Creates conformational change in troponin
    - - ATP is split into ADP and phosphate
    - - Myosin heads bind to actin
    - - Releases ADP and phosphate
    - - ATP binds to myosin head
  - - - Calcium binding triggers synaptic
        vesicles to merge with synaptic knob
    - - Nerve signal is propagated
        down motor axon and triggers entry
    - - ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft
        to bind with ACh receptors
- - - - Insufficient free calcium ions a NMJ
        to enter synaptic knob
        
        Limit the ability of somatic motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscle
      - Decreased number of synaptic
        vesicles to release neurotransmitter
    - - Change in ion concentration
        
        Interferes with ability to conduct
        action potential
        
        Interferes with release of calcium ions
        from sarcoplasmic reticulum
    - - Increased phosphate
        ion concentration
        
        Interferes with phosphate release
        from myosin head
        
        Slows rate of cycling
      - Decreased amounts of calcium
        ions for release
        
        Less calcium ion binding
        to troponin
        
        Reduces crossbridge formation
        
        Weakens muscle contraction
  - - - Reduces ability or disables the skeletal muscle from producing muscle tension
- - - - Many muscle fibers
        bundled together
    - - Skeletal muscle cell
    - - A single muscle composed of
        thousands of cells
    - - Embryonic muscle cells
    - - Thin
        
        Assembled from bundles of
        myosin protein molecules
      - Thick
        
        Composed of two strands of
        actin protein
      - Contractile proteins bundled
        within myofibrils
  - - - Dense irregular connective tissue;
        surrounds each fascicle
        
        Provides protection and
        support each muscle fiber bundle
    - - Areolar connective tissue;
        surrounds each muscle fiber
        
        Electrically insulates the
        muscle fibers
    - - Dense irregular connective tissue;
        surrounds the whole skeletal muscle
        
        Protects and supports
        the entire skeletal muscle
  - - - Cytoplasm of skeletal muscle
        
        Maintains calcium ion concentration
    - - Multiple nuclei
    - - Adult stem cells
        
        Regeneration and growth of muscle
    - - Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle
        
        Define muscle fibers from surrounding
    - - Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma
        
        Conduct impulses from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum
    - - Internal membrane complex
        
        Stores calcium ions
  - - - Connectin
        
        "Cablelike" protein that extends
        through the core of thick filaments
        
        Stabilizes the position of thick
        filaments and maintains alignment
      - Dystrophin
        
        Protein complex in the
        sarcolemma and endomysium
        
        Anchors myofibrils adjacent to sarcolemma
        with proteins in the sarcolemma
      - Myoglobulin
        
        Reddish, globular protein
        
        Binds oxygen at rest for use
        during muscular contraction
    - - Sodium
        
        Controls muscle contractions by
        triggering nerve impulses
      - Glycogen
        
        Stored in skeletal muscles; breakdown impedes glucose uptake
  - - - Blood vessels extend through epimysium
        and perimysium to reach endomysium
        
        Supply nutrients
      - Capillaries associated with endomysium
        
        Function as site of exchange
        substances between blood and muscle
    - - Somatic motor
        neurons
        
        Control skeletal
        muscle contraction
      - Neuromuscular
        Junction
        
        Junction between axon of
        neuron and muscle fiber
        
        Motor neuron transmits
        signal to muscle fiber