Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
skeletal system (bone markings (Marking/ Description/ Example,…
skeletal system
bone markings
Marking/ Description/ Example
Articulations/ Where two bones meet/ Knee joint
Head/ Prominent rounded surface/ Head of femur
Facet/ Flat surface/ Vertebrae
Condyle/ Rounded surface/ Occipital condyles
Projections/ Raised markings/ Spinous process of the vertebrae
Protuberance/ Protruding/ Chin
Process/ Prominence feature/ Transverse process of vertebra
Spine/ Sharp process/ Ischial spine
Tubercle/ Small, rounded process/ Tubercle of humerus
Tuberosity/ Rough surface/ Deltoid tuberosity
Line/ Slight, elongated ridge/ Temporal lines of the parietal bones
Crest/ Ridge/ Iliac crest
Holes/ Holes and depressions/ Foramen (holes through which blood vessels can pass through)
Fossa/ Elongated basin/ Mandibular fossa
Fovea/ Small pit/ Fovea capitis on the head of the femur
Sulcus/ Groove/ Sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones
Canal Passage in bone Auditory canal
Fissure/ Slit through bone/ Auricular fissure
Foramen/ Hole through bone/ Foramen magnum in the occipital bone
Meatus/ Opening into canal/ External auditory meatus
Sinus/ Air-filled space in bone/ Nasal sinus
disorders
osteomalacia
ostieod is produced
number of bone disorder
rickets
analogous disease in children
pelvis, skull, rib cage
Paget's disease
excessive and haphazard deposit and bone resorption
pagetic bone is formed
osteoporosis
risk factors
a diet poor in calcium, vitamin d or protein
smoking
insufficient bone stress
genetics
hormone-related conditions
decreased sex hormones
consumption of alcohol or certain medications
Bone names
bones
Skull
frontal,coronal,suprorbital, mastoid,parietal,infraorbital,styloid,occipital, lambdoid ,mental, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, vomer
Spine
cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and tailbone (coccyx)
Chest
ribs (true, false and floating) and breastbone (sternum)
Arms
shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle), humerus, radius and ulna
Hands
wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and phalanges
Pelvis
the ischium, the ilium, and the pubis
Legs
thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone (tibia) and fibula
Feet
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.
sutures
The coronal suture is the articulation point of the frontal bone with the two parietal bones.
The sagittal suture is the articulation point between the two parietal bones.
The squamous sutures are the articulation points between the each temporal bone and the parietal bone superior to it.
The lambdoid suture is the articulation point between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones.
joints
functional classification
amphiarthroses
both sides, slightly movable
diathroses
freely movable
synarthroses
immovable
Fibrous tissue
syndesmoses
connected by ligaments
gomphoses
peg-in-socket fibrous joints
sutures
seams, between bones of skull
movements allowed by synovial
joints
gliding movement
abduction
move away
adduction
move towards
extension
circumduction
around
flexion
angular movement
rotation
special movement
protraction and retraction
elevation and depression
inversion and eversion
opposition
dorsiflextion
differences between male and female pelvis
male
pelvic inlet is heart-shaped
pubic arch is small
heavier, thicker
female
broader
larger
lighter
pelvic inlet is oval
pubic arch is wide
Anatomy of long bone
Outside bone
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis
inside bone
spongy bone/red marrow
articular cartilage
compact bone
epiphyseal plate
Medullary cavity/ yellow marrow
periosteum
endosteum
sharpey's fiber
bone fracture repair
Fracture classification
completeness
penetrate the skin
position
Treatment and repair
1) a hemotoma forms
2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) body callus forms
4) bone remodeling occurs
bone remodeling
definition
bone resorption and deposit
control of remodeling
response to chemical stress
Wolf's law holds that a bone grows to remodel in response to the demands placed on it
Hormonal control
The major systemic regulators include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and other hormones such as growth hormone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones.
Types of bones
bone shape
sesamoid bone
Examples include patella
flat bone
has a flattened, broad surface. Examples include ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull bones.
short bone
has a squat, cubed shape. Examples include the bones that make up the wrists and the ankles.
irregular bone
has a shape that does not conform to the above three types. Examples include the bones of the spine (vertebrae).
long bone
has a long, thin shape. Examples include the bones of the arms and legs (excluding the wrists, ankles and kneecaps). With the help of muscles, long bones work as levers to permit movement.
microscopic anatomy of compact bone tissue
Central haversian canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves.
Osteon
Haversian systemA structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric cylindrical lamellae of matrix.
Circumferential Lamallae
extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effectively resist twisting of the long bone
Lamellae
Weight-bearing, column like matrix tubes
Periosteum
Periosteal blood vessel
Perforating Sharpey's fibers
Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae
Perforating Volkmann's canal
At right angles to the central canal. Connects bloods vessels and nerves to the periosteum and central canal
Lacunae
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Trabeculae
Align along lines of stress, no osteons, Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi. Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
Osteogenic cells
stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells. (responsible for bone growth)
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix.
Osteoclast
Bone-resorbing cell. (cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix)