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Various Foundations of Knowledge - From Where Does it Originate? (John…
Various Foundations of Knowledge - From Where Does it Originate?
Epistemology
- "most epistemologists start with the simpler case of the knowledge of a single human being" (4)
John Locke and Empiricism
"Locke was convinced that he could figure out the limits of what is humanly knowable by using what he called the 'historical, plain method' to study the natural operations of the human mind" (39)
Intuitive Knowledge
"When we immediately grasp the agreement or disagreement of some ideas" (42)
Demonstrative Knowledge
"The mind sees an agreement or disagreement among its ideas but only when the help of some chain of connecting ideas" (42)
Sensitive Knowledge
"Concerned not with general truths or relations among ideas, but with the existence of particular objects that we
experience
" (42-43)*
Sensation of Outer Things
Reflection on mental activities
SKEPTICISM and SKEPTICS
"Academic skeptics argued for the conclusion that knowledge was impossible" (13)
"Pyrrhonian skeptics aimed to reach no conclusions at all, suspending judgement on all questions, even the question of the possibility of knowledge" (13)
Stoic Epistemology
Draws a distinction between impressions and judgements
"People make mistakes and fall short of knowledge when they accept poor judgement" (14)
Internalism and Externalism
Internalism - emphasis placed upon what you do with what's around you. "Seeing is believing"
Externalism - "Knowledge is a relationship between a person and a fact, and this relationship can be in place even when the person doesn't meet the internalist's demands for first-person access to supporting grounds" (61)
Nozick's Tracking theory of Knowledge
"The person who knows something not only has the right answer to a given question, but also
would
answer that particular question the right way, even if the answer were different" (62)*
S knows that
p
if and only if:
(1)
p
is true;
(2) S believes that
p
;
(3) If
p
were not true, S would not believe that
p
;
(4)
If
p
were true, S would believe that
p
*