Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeletal System Gilbert Perez Period: 4 (Bone Types (Short (roughly cube…
Skeletal System
Gilbert Perez
Period: 4
Bone Disorders
Osteomalacia
number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized. Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not adequately deposited, so bones are soft and weak. The main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bones.
Rickets
Analogous disease in children. Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common. Epiphyseal plates can’t calcify and they continue to widen and the ends of long bones become visibly enlarged and abnormally long.
Paget's Disease
Has lots of bone deposition and resorption. Spotty weakening of the bones. Late in the disease, osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblasts continue to work, often forming irregular bone thickenings or filling the marrow cavity with pagetic bone
Osteoporosis
group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. The composition of the matrix remains normal but bone mass declines, and the bones become porous and light. The bones become very fragile
Anatomy of Long Bone
Red bone marrow=red blood cell production
Yellow marrow=fat
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone Tissue
Bone Types
Short
roughly cube shaped. Examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle
Irregular
Irregular bones have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes.Examples are the vertebrae and the hip bones
sesamoid
shaped like a sesame seed and are a special type of short bone that form in a tendon. Example is a patella
Long
shaft plus two ends, which are often expanded. Longer than wide and include all limbs except wrist, ankle, and patella
Flat
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most cranial bones of the skull
Pelvis
Male
Narrow sacrum, narrow pubic arch. Iliac, iliac crest, iliac fossa, sacrum, coccyx, pubic arch, pubic bone, and ichium
Female
Wide sacrum, wide pubic arch. Iliac, iliac crest, iliac fossa, sacrum, coccyx, pubic arch, pubic bone, and ichium
Joints
Synarthroses
Not moveable
Amphiaarthoses
Slight moveable
Diarthoses
Freely moveable
Bone Fracture Repair
breaks, blood vessels in the bone and periosteum are torn. The hemorrhaged blood clots, forming a hematoma at the fracture site.
Blood vessels grow into the clot. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts invade the fracture site The fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that span the break and connect the broken bone ends. The chondroblasts secrete a cartilaginous matrix that bulges externally and later calcifies, forming a fibrocartilaginous callus that spans the break and connects the broken bone ends.
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone. Within a week, osteoblasts begin to lay down trabeculae of new bone around and within the fibrocartilaginous callus. These trabeculae span the width of the callus and unite the two fragments of broken bone. Gradually the fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by immature bone, bony (hard) callus
the bony callus is remodeled. The excess material on the diaphysis exterior and within the medullary cavity is removed. Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls.
Bone Remodeling
Deposit Constitute
Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix. In the end calcium salts are deposited throughout the osteoid, creating calcified bone matrix.
Bone Resorption
osteoclast clings tightly to the bone, sealing off the area of bone destruction and secreting acid (H+) that dissolve the bone minerals and lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix.
Regulates calcium homeostasis and keeps the bone strong
Movements Allowed by Synovial
Joints
nonaxial movement (gliding movements only) to uniaxial movement (movement in one plane) to biaxial movement (movement in two planes) to multiaxial movement (movement in or around all three planes of space and axes).
Gliding
one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another without appreciable angulation or rotation. Gliding occurs at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
Rotation
turning of a bone around its own long axis. It is the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae and is common at the hip and shoulder joints. Rotation may be directed toward the midline or away from it.
Angular Motion
increase or decrease the angle between two bones. These movements may occur in any plane of the body and include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
Bones
Posterior
Arms
Humerus(upper arm), radius, ulna, clavicle, scapula(shoulder blade)
Ribs
True ribs(1-7), false ribs(8-10), floating ribs(11-12),
Vertebra(spine)
Cervical vertebra(1-7), thoracic(8-19), lumbar(20-24)
Skull
Coronal suture(between frontal and parietal), lambdiod (between parietal and occupital) suture, sagittal suture(between parietal), occutipal(bottom back of head), parietal,
Hands
Carpal(wrist), metacarpal(between wrist and fingers), phalanges(fingers)
Feet
Calcaneous(heel),
Legs
Femur(thigh), tibia, fibula
Hip(coxal)
Iliac, iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, pubic arch, pubic bone, ichium
Anterior
Arms
Humerus(upper arm), radius, ulna, clavicle, scapula(shoulder blade)
Vertebra(spine)
Cervical vertebra(1-7), thoracic(8-19), lumbar(20-24)
Feet
tarsal(ankle), metatarsal(connects to toes), phalanges(toes)
Hands
Carpal(wrist), metacarpal(between wrist and fingers), phalanges(fingers)
Skull
Frontal(forehead), zygomatic(cheek bone), mandible(jaw), maxilla(upper lip), temporal(side of cheek), nasal(nose),
Ribs
True ribs(1-7), false ribs(8-10), floating ribs(11-12), sternum(breastbone), xiphoid process(under sternum), manubrium(top of sternum)
Legs
Femur(thigh), tibia, fibula, and patella(knee cap)
Hip(coxal)
Iliac, iliac crest, iliac fossa, sacrum, coccyx, pubic arch, pubic bone, ichium
