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A skinny 22 year old male is experiencing severe cramping in his calves,…
A skinny 22 year old male is experiencing severe cramping in his calves, thighs, buttocks, back, and shoulders, alongside increased fatigue. He has been losing muscle mass with exercise.
Vegan diet of pure fruit juices
Running on treadmill for 45 minutes 4 days a week
Intense weight training program 1 hour a day, every day
Pros: Decreased amount of body fat, leaner muscles, increased endurance of muscles, increased endurance of heart. increased bone density
Cons: Constantly fatiguing muscles, excessive strain on joints, increased risk for repetitive injury (bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis), increased risk for hypermobility/loose ligaments or tendons, constant muscle soreness or cramping
Pros: Absolutely no body fat, great cardiovascular endurance, reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, reduces high blood pressure
Cons: Increased risk for early-onset arthritis, low resting heart rate, increased risk of overuse injury (tendonitis, plantar fascitis, shin splints, stress fracture, runners knee), overloading muscles, increased risk of heart attack,
Drinking a gallon of water a day, no sports drinks
Pros: Extensive hydration, able to thermoregulate well, excrete waste products, good for your organs (especially kidneys), decreased risk of kidney stones, maintaining proper amounts of saliva
Cons: Not able to replenish electrolytes after a workout, not putting necessary sodium back into body, increase risk for muscle cramps due to no minerals after workout, increased heart rate, lower blood pressure, increased dizziness post-workout, risk of passing out
Pros: Reach his weight goal, low percentage of body fat, cleanse his colon
Cons: No proteins will cause him to lose weight, muscle mass/body fat decreased muscle strength and mass, result in muscle cramps/weakness/fatigue, body will take protein from muscle and use it as a source of energy to support vital functions, organ failure, denaturing of amino acids (unable to perform transcription & translation), fruits may act as diuretics, malnutrition, death; list is infinite
Background Information
Anatomy of a Muscle
Organ Level
Connective Tissue Components
Epimysium: layer of dense regular connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle
Perimysium: layer of dense irregular connective tissue around each fascicle
Fascicle: muscle fibers bundled together
Endomysium: composed of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
Tendon: structure that connects muscle to bone & composed of dense regular connective tissue
Aponeurosis: thin, flattened sheet of dense regular connective tissue and attach muscle to skeletal component
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Skeletal Muscle
Organelle/Structure Level
Sarcolemma: the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasm: the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium in a resting muscle cell
Mitochondria: site of ATP synthesis & provides metabolic energy for muscle cells
Nucleus: contains genetic material of muscle cell
Myoglobin: binds to oxygen when a cell is at rest and releases it during muscle contraction ; enhances aerobic cellular respiration
Terminal Cisternae: serve as reservoirs for calcium ions and are immediately adjacent to each t-tubule
T-Tubules: parts of sarcolemma that fold into the muscle fiber to allow membrane potential to reach all myofibrils inside the cell
Types of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle: allows for movement of body, heat production, and maintenance of posture
Cardiac Muscle: pumps blood to the rest of the body
Smooth Muscle: movement of substances such as food, urine, and blood throughout the body
Microscopic Anatomy
Myoblasts: groups of embryonic muscle cells that fuse to form single skeletal muscle fibers during development
Satellite Cells: myoblasts that do not fuse w/ muscle fibers during development and are adult stem cells
Steps in Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Development of an end-plate potential (EPP) at the motor end plate
Binding of acetylcholine to acetylcholine receptors in motor end plate
Triggers opening of chemically gated sodium channels
Na+ (Sodium) rapidly diffuses into sarcolemma as K+ (Potassium) slowly diffuses out
End-Plate Potential is produced when Na+ causes the membrane potential to change from -90mV to -65 mV (threshold)
End-Plate Potential: minimum voltage change/threshold in the motor end plate that can trigger the opening of voltage-gated channels
Initiation & Propagation of an action potential along sarcolemma & T-Tubules
End-Plate potential initiates action potential to be sent through the sarcolemma & t-tubules
Action Potential: nerve impulse; caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open & Na+ moves in & causes depolarization
Depolarization: inside of the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fiber becomes positive due to influx of sodium (Na+)
Voltage-gated K+ channels open & K+ moves out to cause repolarization
Repolarization: returning of the inside sarcolemma to its relatively negative resting membrane potential from outward flow of potassium
Release of Ca+2 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Action potential is then propagated along the t-tubules to stimulate voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels
Triggers opening of Ca2+ channels in the terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ rapidly diffuses out cisternae and into the cytosol
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal fiber contraction by a motor neuron coupled to the contraction of myofilaments within the muscle fiber
2nd Step of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Fuels and Other Compounds Needed By Muscles
Carbohydrates:
Protein:
Fatty Acids/Lipids:
Vitamins & Minerals
Sodium
Potassium
B-Vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folate, B12)
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Needed in muscular contraction for muscular repolarization which allows a muscular fiber to propagate a new action potential when again stimulated by a neuron
Needed in muscular contraction for increased end-plate potential & the release of an action potential to trigger a muscle to move
Essential for aerobic cellular respiration and the breakdown of muscle sugar stores, alongside the production of additional ATP
One of the main fuels for light-moderate exercise
Muscles obtain extra ATP from oxidized fatty acids in aerobic cellular respiration.
Essential for production of creatine phosphate & creatine kinase
Creatine phosphate has a high-energy bond w/ creatine & phosphate. With this, it is able to transfer phosphate to ADP to form ATP (by creatine kinase) for cellular respiration
Without the phosphate from creatine phosphate, the muscle has to outsource and is unable to perform muscle contraction
Creatine Phosphate: immediate energy source used for short spurts of energy (5-6 seconds)
With the addition of an enzymatic reaction, creatine kinase provides an additional 10-15 seconds by the transformation of ADP to ATP
Essential for glycolysis which produces ATP for energy/energy to perform muscle contraction
Not able to perform short, nor long bursts of required energy
Main source of energy gone, depleted glycogen stores
Glycolysis: short-term energy source (50-60 seconds)
Lower rates of ATP are produced in this process than aerobic respiration, though glycolysis doesn't require oxygen
Muscle Activity Demands & Means for Supplying ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen, but it produces more ATP through oxidizing fatty acids, amino acids, & pyruvate.
Slow-Oxidative Fibers: produce contractions that are slower and less powerful; can contract over a long period of time w/o fatigue due to aerobic respiration
Fast-Oxidative Fibers: produce a fast, powerful contraction w/ ATP provided through aerobic respiration; last a bit less than slow-oxidative
Fast Glycolytic Fibers: provide both power and speed; contract for a short period of time due to ATP synthesis through glycolysis
Energy Supply & Varying Intensity of Exercise:
Creatine Phosphate: 5-6 seconds of energy through available ATP & phosphate transfer between 2 ADP molecules
Glycolysis: ATP supplied initially by Creatine Phosphate plus the cycle of glycolysis, resulting in 50-60 seconds of energy
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: an event that may take 5-6 minutes, the body will use Creatine Phosphate, Glycolysis, & Aerobic Respiration for energy
After 1 minute, Aerobic Respiration is primarily used
Oxygen from Cardiovascular System: for long-term energy, the body uses oxygen, the heart, and blood to allow for effectively produce ATP by Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Factors that Contribute to Fatigue
Excitation at the Neuromuscular Junction
Insufficient free Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction to enter the synaptic knob or decreased number of synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine
Muscle Fatigue: reduced ability or the inability of the skeletal muscle to produce muscle tension
Primary Cause: Decrease in glycogen stores during excessive or sustained exercise
ATP not a factor unless it has to do w/ it being located in the mitochondria, rather than the myofilaments
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Change in ion concentration (Na+ or K+); interferes w/ the muscles ability to conduct actional potentials along the sarcolemma
Cross-Bridge Cycling
Increased phosphate ion concentration in sarcoplasm interferes w/ release from myosin head and slows the rate of cross-bridge cycling
Lower amounts of Ca2+ available for release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, less binding to troponin = weaker muscle contraction
These two factors together = weaker force generated from muscle contraction
Losing Muscle Mass w/ Exercise
Lack of protein in diet
Begins to lose muscle mass due to denaturation of proteins
Body unable to perform physiological processes necessary for life
Body uses muscles as source of protein
Malnutrition
Major muscles atrophy from lack of protein
Body begins to eat away at protein of organs
Organ failure
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Insufficient micronutrients
Lack of Vitamin D & Calcium
Bones are unable to repair stress put on bones due to deficiency of nutrients
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Lack of calcium and unable to excite muscles
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Bones unable to produce new RBC & WBC
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Loss of subcutaneous fat
Unable to protect underlying organs
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Inability to retain heat
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Marasmic kwashiorko (chronic protein deficiency)
Edema
Fluid retention in tissues
Indicative of heart failure
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Poor wound healing
Reduced collagen formation & inability to create new tissue
Infection
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Muscle Cramps
Drinking a gallon of water per day instead of drinking electrolytes after workout
Not able to regulate electrolytes
Electrolyte Imbalances
Low Potassium/Hypokalemia
Muscle fatigue from inability to relax muscle and repolarize
Muscle cramps, aches, and stiffness
Weakened nerve signals
Paresthesia (numbness & tingling)
Possible development of neuropathy if chronic imbalance
Muscle weakness & fatigue
Low Sodium/Hyponatremia
Rapid brain swelling
Neurological damage
Coma
Death
Dilute sodium levels in cells & blood
Dizziness
Nausea
Confusion
Possible seizures
Muscle cramps
Low blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Heart palpitations
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Hyperpolarization
Increased Fatigue
Lack of carbohydrates/Malnutrition
Unable to go through glycolysis
Decreased ATP synthesis
Fatigue becomes more detrimental
Increased likelihood of chronic fatigue syndrome
Muscle pain, joint pain, excessive sleepiness
Non-Diabetic Ketoacidosis: ketones are released in blood because body is burning fat instead of carbohydrates
Kidney Stones
Chronic Kidney Problems
Kidney Failure
Death
Bone disease