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Losing Muscle Mass (Muscles (Skeletal (body movement (contraction of…

- - - - contraction of skeletal muscles
    - - contraction of skeletal muscles
    - - arranged in layers within the walls of the cavities
    - - circular muscle bands
    - - are like small furnaces
    - - ability to respond to a stimulus
    - - involves an electrical signal that is prorated along the plasma membrane as voltage-gated channels open sequentially during an action potential
    - - when contractile proteins within skeletal muscle cells slide past one another
    - - lengthening of muscle cells
    - - the ability of a muscle cell to return to original length following either shortening or lengthening of the muscle
  - - - cardiovascular system
        
        blood vessels alter blood pressure and blood flow
      - respiratory system
        
        bronchioles control resistance to airflow that enters and exits the lungs
      - digestive system
        
        stomach, s. intestine, and l. intestine mix and move ingested material ad it moved along the GI tract
      - urinary system
        
        ureters propel urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder, which removes urine from the body
      - female reproductive system
        
        the uterus helps remove the baby during delivery
- - - - expiation of a skeletal muscle fiber
        
        1- nerve signal is propagated down a motor axon and triggers the entry of Ca2+ into the synaptic knob. Ca2+ binds to proteins in synaptic vesicle membrane.
        
        2- Calcium binding triggers synaptic vesicles to merge with the synaptic knob plasma membrane and ACh is exocytosed into the synaptic cleft.
        
        3- ACh diffuses across the fluid-filled synaptic cleft at the motor end plate to bind with ACh receptors
  - - - excitation-contrition coupling
        
        1- Binding of ACh to Act receptors in the motor end plate triggers the opening of these chemically gated ion channels. Na+ rapidly diffuses into and K+ slowly diffuses out of the muscle fiber. An end-plate potential (EEP) is produced when sufficient Na+ enters at the motor end plate, and the membrane potential changes from -90 mV to -65 mvV (threshold).
        
        2- The EEP initiates an action potenital to be propagated along the sarcolemma and the t-tubules. First, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ moves in to cause depolarization. Second, voltage-gated K+ channels open, and K+ moves out to cause repolorization
  - - - crossbridge cycling
        
        1-attaching myosin head to actin.
        
        2- pulling thin filament by movement if myosin head.
        
        3- release of myosin head of actin.
        
        4- resetting of myosin head
- - - - insufficient free Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction to enter the synaptic knob or by a decreased number of synaptic vesicles to realize neurotransmitter
    - - change in ion concentration that interferes with the ability of the muscle fiber to conduct an action protection along the sarcolemma.
    - - increased phosphate ion concentration