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The Skeletal System (Bones (Phalanges- finger bones; three in each finger,…
The Skeletal System
Bones
Phalanges- finger bones; three in each finger, two in each thumb
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Clavicle- collarbones, only joints between shoulder girdle & axial skeleton
Radius- bone on thumb, side of lower arm
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Cervical- upper seven vertebrae, in neck region
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Sacrum- In child, five separate vertebrae; in adult, fused into one
Coccyx- In child, three to five separate vertebrae, in adult, fused into one; end of spinal region
Frontal- forehead bone; also forms front part of floor of cranium and most of upper part of eye sockets
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Vomer- forms lower, back part of nasal septum
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Phalanges- toe bones; three in each toe, two in each toe
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Joints
Fibrous joint- dense connective tissue, no movement; fibrous connective tissue grows between two bones ( sutures of skull)
Cartilaginous joint- cartilage connects articulating bones; pubic symphysis or intervertebral disks in spine
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Synovial cavity- space inside a joint capsule between two bones, filled w/ synovial fluid
Bursae- flattened fibrous sacs, lined w/ synovial membrane, filled w/ synovial fluid/ not part of joint
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Anatomy of The Long Bone
Long bones- longer than they are wide; ( arms, legs, phalanges etc.)
Diaphysis- shaft of compact bone, covered w/ thin connective tissue called Periosteum, contains Medullary cavity; hollow area filled w/ yellow bone marrow ( fat storage); hollow tube reduces body weight
Epiphysis- End of long bone, compact bone enclosing spongy bone, contains red bone marrow, & covered by articular cartilage
Epiphyseal Plate- made of hyaline cartilage, site of new bone growth, controlled by hormones( stops at the end of puberty) & cartilage is completely replaced by bones
Articular Cartilage- smooth, glassy cartilage allows bones to glide past each other, thin layer hyaline cartilage & decreases friction between bones
Periosteum- membrane that covers bone ; attachment site for muscles, tendons & ligaments
Endosteum- thin membrane lining medullary cavity connective tissue ; contains both osteoblasts ( Bone builder) and osteoclasts ( bone destroyer)
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Types of bones
Long bones- longer than they are wide, ( arms, legs, phalanges etc.)
Short bones- square or cube shaped ( wrist, ankle, patella etc.)
Flat bones- flat, thin bones, often curved ( skull plates, ribs, sternum etc.)
Irregular bones- odd, irregular shapes ( pelvis, vertebrae, scapula etc.)
Axial skeleton- 80 bones, long axis of the body, skull, vertebra & thorax (sternum)
Appendicular skeleton- 126 bones, upper & lower limbs & girdies ( shoulder bones & hip bones)
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Bone Remodeling
bone is often being made and/or reabsorbed at periosteum/endosteum which results in remodeling of bone
Bone deposit- occurs when bones are injured, to make the bone stronger for a short period of time.
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control of remodeling- hormonal control-consists of 2 negative feedback loops; Low blood Ca+ levels- PTH release- osteoclasts destroy bone. High blood Ca+ levels- Calcitonin release- osteoblast deposit bone
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Wolff's Law- holds that a bone grows/ remodels itself in response to forces & stress exerted upon it ; needs of the body come first
remodeling- osteons grown on shaft, medullary cavity hollowed out, final structure is stronger than orginial
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